Resolving the True Ventricular Mural Architecture.

The precise nature of packing together of the cardiomyocytes within the ventricular walls has still to be determined. The spiraling nature of the chains of interconnected cardiomyocytes has long been recognized. As long ago as the end of the nineteenth century, Pettigrew had emphasized that the ventricular cone was not arranged on the basis of skeletal muscle. Despite this guidance, subsequent anatomists described entities such as “bulbo-spiral muscles”, with this notion of subunits culminating in the suggestion that the ventricular cone could be unwrapped so as to produce a “ventricular myocardial band”. Others, in contrast, had suggested that the ventricular walls were arranged on the basis of “sheets”, or more recently “sheetlets”, with investigators seeking to establishing the angulation of these entities using techniques such as magnetic resonance imaging. Our own investigations, in contrast, have shown that the cardiomyocytes are aggregated together within the supporting fibrous matrix so as to produce a three-dimensional myocardial mesh. In this review, we summarize the previous accounts, and provide the anatomical evidence we have thus far accumulated to support the model of the myocardial mesh. We show how these anatomic findings underscore the concept of the myocardial mesh functioning in antagonistic fashion. They lend evidence to support the notion that the ventricular myocardium works as a muscular hydrostat

Entwicklung und exemplarische Anwendung einer Methodik zur Untersuchung der schädigenden Wirkung von optischer Strahlung an mineralischen Buntpigmenten in Bindemittelmatrizen

Ein fundiertes Wissen über durch optische Strahlung induzierte Farbveränderungen von Pigmenten ist besonders im Kontext eines Kulturgüterschutzes von großem Interesse. Die Arbeit fokussierte sich dabei auf die Wirkung von niedrigintensiver Strahlung wie diese üblicherweise in Innenräumen vorzufinden ist. Durch Messung probenspezifischer Farbveränderungskurven in Abhängigkeit definierter Strahlungsparameter konnten grundlegende Annahmen zur optischen Strahlungswirkung überprüft werden. Ferner gelang eine detaillierte Beschreibung des idealen Farbveränderungsverlaufes von anorganischen Buntpigmenten. Darauf basierend konnte erstmals ein Kategorisierungsverfahren entwickelt werden, womit Pigmente nach ihrer optischen Strahlungsbeständigkeit differenziert eingeordnet werden können. Zur Klärung der Kausalzusammenhänge zwischen optischen Strahlungseinflüssen und phänomenologischen Farbveränderungen wurde die Ramanspektroskopie angewendet und deren Fähigkeit als Nachweismethode untersucht.A profound knowledge of colour changes of pigments induced by optical radiation is of great interest, especially in the context of the protection of cultural goods. The study focused on the effects of low-intensity radiation, which is usually found indoors. By measuring sample-specific curves of colour change as a function of defined irradiation parameters, basic assumptions about the effect of optical radiation could be verified. Furthermore, a detailed description of an ideal curve of colour change for inorganic pigments was obtained. Based on these results, a categorization method was developed that allows pigments to be classified according to their optical radiation stability. In order to clarify the causal relationships between optical radiation influences and phenomenological colour changes, Raman spectroscopy was applied and its ability as a detection method for irradiation influences was investigated

A systematic review of 4D-flow MRI derived mitral regurgitation quantification methods

Background: Four-dimensional flow cardiac magnetic resonance (4D flow CMR) is an emerging non-invasive imaging technology that can be used to quantify mitral regurgitation (MR) volume. Current methods of quantification have demonstrated limitations in accurate analysis, particularly in difficult cases such as complex congenital heart disease. 4D flow CMR methods aim to circumvent these limitations and allow accurate quantification of MR volume even in complex cases. This systematic review aims to summarize the available literature on 4D flow CMR MR quantification methods and examine their ability to accurately classify MR severity. Methods: Structured searches were carried out on Medline and EMBASE in December 2018 to identify suitable research outcome studies. The titles and abstracts were screened for relevance, with a third adjudicator utilized when study suitability was uncertain. Results: Seven studies met the eligibility criteria and were included in the systematic review. The most widely used 4D flow MRI method was retrospective valve tracking (RVT) which was examined in five papers. The key finding of these papers was that RVT is a reliable and accurate method of regurgitant volume quantification. Conclusions: MR quantification through 4D flow MRI is both feasible and accurate. The evidence gathered suggests that for MR assessment, 4D flow MRI is potentially as accurate and reliable to echocardiography and may be complementary to this technique. Further work on MR quantification 4D flow image analysis is needed to determine the most accurate analysis technique and to demonstrate 4D flow MRI as a predictor of clinical outcome. PROSPERO Registration Number: CRD42019122837, http://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/display_record.php?ID=CRD4201912283

Feasibility and validation of trans-valvular flow derived by four-dimensional flow cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging in patients with atrial fibrillation

Background: Four-dimensional (4D) flow cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is an emerging technique used for intra-cardiac blood flow assessment. The role of 4D flow cardiovascular MRI in the assessment of trans-valvular flow in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) has not previously been assessed. The purpose of this study was to assess the feasibility, image quality, and internal validity of 4D flow cardiovascular MRI in the quantification of trans-valvular flow in patients with AF. Methods: Patients with AF and healthy controls in sinus rhythm underwent cardiovascular MRI, including 4D flow studies. Quality assurance checks were done on the raw data and streamlines. Consistency was investigated by trans-valvular flow assessment between the mitral valve (MV) and the aortic valve (AV). Results: Eight patients with AF (88% male, mean age 62±13 years, mean heart rate (HR) 83±16 beats per minute (bpm)) were included and compared with ten healthy controls (70% male, mean age 41±20 years, mean HR 68.5±9 bpm). All scans were of either good quality with minimal blurring artefacts, or excellent quality with no artefacts. No significant bias was observed between the AV and MV stroke volumes in either healthy controls (–4.8, 95% CI –15.64 to 6.04; P=0.34) or in patients with AF (1.64, 95% CI –4.7 to 7.94; P=0.56). A significant correlation was demonstrated between MV and AV stroke volumes in both healthy controls (r=0.87, 95% CI 0.52 to 0.97; P=0.001) and in AF patients (r=0.82, 95% CI 0.26 to 0.97; P=0.01). Conclusions: In patients with AF, 4D flow cardiovascular MRI is feasible with good image quality, allowing for quantification of trans-valvular flow

Atlas saku dan teks anatomi manusia: berdasarkan nomenklatur internasioanl/ Feneis

499 hal.: ill.; 21 cm

Pocket atlas of human anatomy: based on the international nomenclature/ Feneis

vi, 407 hal.: ill.; 20 cm

Atlas saku dan teks anatomi manusia: berdasarkan nomenklatur internasioanl/ Feneis

499 hal.: ill.; 21 cm

Atlas saku dan teks anatomi manusia: berdasarkan nomenklatur internasioanl/ Feneis

499 hal.: ill.; 21 cm