Relative Entropy and Torsion Coupling

We evaluate the relative entropy on a ball region near the UV fixed point of a holographic conformal field theory deformed by a fermionic operator of nonzero vacuum expectation value. The positivity of the relative entropy considered here is implied by the expected monotonicity of decrease of quantum entanglement under RG flow. The calculations are done in the perturbative framework of Einstein-Cartan gravity in four-dimensional asymptotic anti-de Sitter space with a postulated standard bilinear coupling between axial fermion current and torsion. By requiring positivity of relative entropy, our result yields a constraint on axial current-torsion coupling, fermion mass and equation of state.Comment: 31 pages; match the version accepted by PR

A nodule on the forearm

Glomus tumors are benign tumors of the skin. Clinically, these tumors can present as solid, painful subcutaneous nodules, frequently seen on the hand (particularly subungual region). Glomangiomyomas are the least common histological type of glomus tumor. In the literature, there are only a few glomangiomyoma cases of the forearm location. We report a patient with a painful nodule, diagnosed as glomangiomyoma. Surgical excision was performed and no recurrence was observed after 5 years' follow-up

Mode mixing induced by disorder in graphene PNP junction in a magnetic field

We study the electron transport through the graphene PNP junction under a magnetic field and show that modes mixing plays an essential role. By using the non-equilibrium Green's function method, the space distribution of the scattering state for a specific incident modes as well the elements of the transmission and reflection coefficient matrixes are investigated. All elements of the transmission (reflection) coefficient matrixes are very different for a perfect PNP junction, but they are same at a disordered junction due to the mode mixing. The space distribution of the scattering state for the different incident modes also exhibit the similar behaviors, that they distinctly differ from each other in the perfect junction but are almost same in the disordered junction. For a unipolar junction, when the mode number in the center region is less than that in the left and right regions, the fluctuations of the total transmission and reflection coefficients are zero, although each element has a large fluctuation. These results clearly indicate the occurrence of perfect mode mixing and it plays an essential role in a graphene PNP junction transport

Epidemiologic studies on diabetes, non-diabetic glycemic levels, insulin resistance and cardiovascular diseases

The objectives of this study were to investigate: 1) what the major risk factors are that have contributed to the rise in prevalence of type 2 diabetes in Chinese adults, and whether the joint effect of a family history of diabetes along with obesity on the risk of diabetes in the Chinese differs from that in the Finns; 2) the impact of the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance and beta cell function on glucose metabolism in relation to aging in people of Asian origin; 3) the relative risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality and morbidity associated with fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and 2-hour plasma glucose (2hPG) within the normoglycemic range in European populations. This study was based on datasets of the Diabetes Epidemiology: Collaborative analysis Of Diagnostic criteria in Asia (DECODA) and in Europe (DECODE) studies comprising 10307 men and 13429 women aged 30 to 74 years from 11 Asian cohorts, and 12566 men and 10874 women aged 25 to 90 years from 19 European cohorts. Type 2 diabetes and intermediate hyperglycemia in this study were determined by a 2-h 75g oral glucose tolerance test according to the World Health Organization/International Diabetes Federation criteria of 2006. The odds ratios for the prevalence of type 2 diabetes and intermediate hyperglycemia were estimated using logistic regression analysis. Cox proportional hazards analysis was performed to estimate the association between plasma glucose and CVD mortality and morbidity, adjusting for conventional cardiovascular risk factors. Between 2001 and 2006, the age-standardized prevalence of type 2 diabetes increased from 5.2% to 14.2% in men and from 7.2% to 14.5% in women in rural areas, from 12.6% to 19.4% in men and from 10.2% to 16.6% in women in urban areas in Qingdao, China. Age, family history of diabetes and waist circumference was independent risk factors for diabetes in both sexes and in both urban and rural areas (P less than 0.01 for all). A high level of education and a high income were inversely associated with the increased prevalence in all populations except in rural men (P less than 0.05). Obesity and a family history of diabetes were major risk factors for type 2 diabetes in men and women from China and Finland. Their synergetic effect on type 2 diabetes was significant in Finnish men, but not in Finnish women or the Chinese. The prevalence of impaired fasting glucose (IFG) and impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) increased with age in populations of Asian origin except IFG in the Indians living in India and in African men living in Mauritius. The age-related increase was more prominent for IGT than for IFG in both men and women. Adjustment for insulin resistance and beta cell function reduced the differences among age groups for all ethnic groups, but the risk gradient between age groups still remained significant for IGT. Within normoglycemic range, individuals whose baseline 2hPG did not return to FPG levels (Group II, 2hPG > FPG) were older and had higher baseline body mass index (BMI), blood pressure and fasting insulin levels compared with those whose baseline 2hPG did (Group I, 2hPG ≤ FPG) in Europeans. Hazard ratios (95% confidence intervals) for CVD mortality were 1.22 (1.05-1.41) in men, and 1.40 (1.03-1.89) in women for Group II versus Group I, adjusting for age, study cohort, BMI, FPG, total serum cholesterol, smoking status and hypertension status. The corresponding hazard ratios for the incidence of coronary heart disease, ischemic stroke and composite CVD events were 1.13 (0.93-1.37), 1.40 (1.06-1.85) and 1.20 (1.01-1.42) in men, and 1.33 (0.83-2.13), 0.94 (0.59-1.51) and 1.11 (0.79-1.54) in women, respectively. The increasing trends for CVD mortality and morbidity did not change substantially after additional adjustment for fasting insulin concentrations. In conclusion, this study confirmed the impact of established risk factors of age, obesity and a family history of diabetes on the risk of diabetes among the Chinese, which is consistent with literature, but the interaction between the risk factors might be different between ethnicities and requires further investigation. This study also disclosed the deleterious effect of high normal 2hPG levels on CVD mortality and morbidity, which has not been widely investigated previously. The findings further support the view that the CVD risk extends well below the diabetes diagnostic value based on the post-challenge glucose levels, and may have certain clinical implications regarding diabetes diagnosis and glycemic management targets.Tämän tutkimuksen tavoitteena oli: 1) tutkia keskeisiä riskitekijöitä, jotka vaikuttivat tyyppin 2 diabeteksen esiintyvyyden nousuun kiinalaisilla aikuisilla, sekä kuinka diabeteksen perhehistorian ja lihavuuden yhdysvaikutus erosi Kiinassa ja Suomessa; 2) tutkia insuliiniresistenssin sekä beeta-solujen toiminnan vaikutusta glukoosiaineenvaihduntaan suhteessa ikääntymiseen aasialaisissa väestöissä; sekä 3) tutkia sydän- ja verisuonitautikuolleisuutta ja -sairastavuutta suhteessa veren paastoglukoosiin ja 2-tunnin glukoosirasitusarvoihin ei-diabeetikoilla eurooppalaisissa väestöissä. Tutkimuksessa hyödynnettiin kahta laajaa tutkimusaineistoa eli DECODA ja DECODE projekteja, joihin on koottu tietoa aasialaisista ja eurooppalaisista väestöistä. Yhteensä aineistoissa on tietoa 10307 miehestä ja 13429 naisesta ikävälillä 30-74 vuotta 11 aasialaisesta maasta sekä 12566 miehestä ja 10874 naisesta ikävälillä 25-90 vuotta 19 eurooppalaisesta maasta. Tyypin 2 diabetes mitattiin 2-tunnin glukoosirasituskokeella käyttämällä 75 gramman glukoosiannosta mikä noudattaa WHO:n ja Kansainvälisen diabetesjärjestön suosituksia vuodelta 2006. Logistista regressioanalyysiä käytettiin laskettaessa riskitulosuhteita tyypin 2 diabeteksen esiintyvyyden ja korkean veren glukoosipitoisuuden välillä sekä Coxin suhteellisten vaarojen mallia arvioimaan veren glukoosiarvojen yhteyttä sydän- ja verisuonitautikuolleisuuteen ja sairastavuuteen. Vuosien 2001 ja 2006 välillä tyypin 2 diabeteksen ikävakioitu esiintyvyys nousi 5,2 prosentista 14,2 prosenttiin miehillä ja 7,2 prosentista 14,5 prosenttiin naisilla maaseudulla ja 12,6 prosentista 19,4 prosenttiin miehillä ja 10,2 prosentista 16,6 prosenttiin naisilla kaupunkialueilla kiinalaisessa Qingdaon maakunnassa. Ikä, diabeteksen perhehistoria ja vyötärön ympärysmitta olivat itsenäisiä riskitekijöitä diabetekselle molemmilla sukupuolilla sekä kaupungissa että maaseudulla (p alle 0,01). Korkea koulutus ja tulot olivat käänteisesti yhteydessä kohonneeseen diabeteksen esiintyvyyteen kaikissa muissa ryhmissä paitsi maaseudulla asuvilla miehillä (p alle 0,05). Lihavuus ja diabeteksen perhehistoria olivat keskeisiä riskitekijöitä tyypin 2 diabetekselle kiinalaisilla ja suomalaisilla miehillä ja naisilla. Näiden yhdysvaikutus oli myös tilastollisesti merkitsevä suomalailla miehillä, mutta ei suomalaisilla naisilla tai kiinalaisilla miehillä tai naisilla. Kohonnut paastoglukoosi ja glukoosirasituskokeen jälkeinen glukoosi lisääntyivät iän mukana aasialaisissa väestöissä lukuun ottamatta paastoglukoosia intialaisilla sekä Mauritiuksella asuvilla afrikkalaisilla miehillä. Paastoglukoosin kohoaminen oli voimakkaammin yhteydessä ikään verrattuna glukoosirasituskokeen jälkeiseen glukoosiin miehillä ja naisilla. Insuliiniresistenssin ja beeta-solujen toiminnan vakioiminen heikensi ikäryhmittäisiä eroja kaikissa etnisissä ryhmissä, mutta yhteys iän ja glukoosirasituskokeen jälkeisen glukoosin välillä säilyi tilastollisesti merkitsevänä. Ei-diabeetikot joiden veren glukoosiarvo ei palannut paastoglukoosin tasolle kahden tunnin glukoosirasituskokeen jälkeen olivat vanhempia, heillä oli korkeampi painoindeksi, verenpaine ja veren paastoinsuliini verrattuna muihin eurooppalaisissa väestöissä. Tässä ryhmässä sydän- ja verisuonitautikuolleisuuden vaarasuhteet ja näiden 95 prosentin luottamusvälit olivat 1,22 (1,05-1,41) miehillä ja 1,40 (1,03-1,89) naisilla kun ikä, tutkimuskohortti, painoindeksi, veren paastoglukoosi, kokonaiskolesteroli, tupakointi ja korkea verenpaine olivat vakioituja. Vastaavat vaarasuhteet sepelvaltimotaudille, aivoverisuonitukokselle ja kaikille sydän- ja verisuonitautitapahtumille olivat 1,13 (0,93-1,37), 1,40 (1,06-1,85) ja 1,20 (1,01-1,42) miehillä sekä 1,33 (0,83-2,13), 0,94 (0,59-1,51) ja 1,11 (0,79-1,54) vastaavassa järjestyksessä. Sydän ja verisuonitautikuolleisuuden ja sairastavuuden lisääntyminen ei muuttunut olennaisesti kun tulokset vakioitiin paastoinsuliinilla. Johtopäätöksenä voidaan todeta, että tämä tutkimus vahvisti tunnettujen riskitekijöiden eli iän, lihavuuden ja diabeteksen perhehistorian vaikutuksen diabeteksen riskiin kiinalaisilla, mikä on sopusoinnussa aikaisemman tutkimuksen kanssa. Kuitenkin näiden riskitekijöiden mahdollinen yhdysvaikutus etnisyyteen vaatii lisää tutkimusta. Tutkimus myös paljasti korkean glukoosirasituskokeen jälkeisen glukoosin yhteyden kohonneeseen verisuonitautikuolleisuuteen ja sairastavuuteen, mitä ei ole tutkittu aikaisemmin. Tulokset tukevat näkemystä että kohonnut glukoosirasituskokeen jälkeinen glukoosi on yhteydessä kohonneeseen sydän- ja verisuonitautien riskiin, vaikka se olisi alempi kuin diabeteksen nykyinen diagnostinen määritelmä. Tällä on tärkeää kliinistä merkitystä diabeteksen diagnostiikkaan ja veren glukoosiarvojen seurantaan

Joint radar-communication waveform designs using signals from multiplexed users

Joint radar-communication designs are exploited in applications where radar and communications systems share the same frequency band or when both radar sensing and information communication functions are required in the same system. Finding a waveform that is suitable for both radar and communication is challenging due to the difference between radar and communication operations. In this paper, we propose a new method of designing dual-functional waveforms for both radar and communication using signals from multiplexed communications users. Specifically, signals from different communications users multiplexed in the time, code or frequency domains across different data bits are linearly combined to generate an overall radar waveform. Three typical radar waveforms are considered. The coefficients of the linear combination are optimized to minimize the mean squared error with or without a constraint on the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) for the communications signals. Numerical results show that the optimization without SNR constraint can almost perfectly approximate the radar waveform in all the cases considered, giving good dual-functional waveforms for both radar and communication. Also, among different multiplexing techniques, time division multiple access is the best option to approximate the radar waveform, followed by code division multiple access and orthogonal frequency division multiple access

Spin susceptibility of Anderson impurities in arbitrary conduction bands

Spin susceptibility of Anderson impurities is a key quantity in understanding the physics of Kondo screening. Traditional numerical renormalization group (NRG) calculation of the impurity contribution $\chi_{\textrm{imp}}$ to susceptibility, defined originally by Wilson in a flat wide band, has been generalized before to structured conduction bands. The results brought about non-Fermi-liquid and diamagnetic Kondo behaviors in $\chi_{\textrm{imp}}$, even when the bands are not gapped at the Fermi energy. Here, we use the full density-matrix (FDM) NRG to present high-quality data for the local susceptibility $\chi_{\textrm{loc}}$ and to compare them with $\chi_{\textrm{imp}}$ obtained by the traditional NRG. Our results indicate that those exotic behaviors observed in $\chi_{\textrm{imp}}$ are unphysical. Instead, the low-energy excitations of the impurity in arbitrary bands only without gap at the Fermi energy are still a Fermi liquid and paramagnetic. We also demonstrate that unlike the traditional NRG yielding $\chi_{\textrm{loc}}$ less accurate than $\chi_{\textrm{imp}}$, the FDM method allows a high-precision dynamical calculation of $\chi_{\textrm{loc}}$ at much reduced computational cost, with an accuracy at least one order higher than $\chi_{\textrm{imp}}$. Moreover, artifacts in the FDM algorithm to $\chi_{\textrm{imp}}$, and origins of the spurious non-Fermi-liquid and diamagnetic features are clarified. Our work provides an efficient high-precision algorithm to calculate the spin susceptibility of impurity for arbitrary structured bands, while negating the applicability of Wilson's definition to such cases.Comment: the published versio

Structural Changes and Regional Disparity in China's Inflation

The inflation problem in China has attracted a great deal of international attention in recent years. This paper examines the time series properties of China's CPI series. It is found that the overall inflation series and the inflation of food, tobacco, clothes, urban transport and urban housing are not persistent. Structural breaks in inflation are found in 2003 and 2004. The degree of rural-urban inflation disparity in China is also investigated. We find evidence that rural residents experience higher inflation than their urban counterparts.Structural Break, Unit Root, ADF Test, Rural and Urban Inflation.