Fabrication of small aspheric moulds using single point inclined axis grinding

Single point inclined axis grinding techniques, including the wheel setting, wheel-workpiece interference, error source determination and compensation approaches, were studied to fabricate small aspheric moulds of high profile accuracy. The interference of a cylindrical grinding wheel with the workpiece was analysed and the criteria for selection of wheel geometry for avoiding the interference was proposed. The grinding process was performed with compensation focused on two major error sources, wheel setting error and wheel wear. The grinding results showed that the compensation approach was efficient and the developed grinding process was capable to generate small aspheric concave surfaces on tungsten carbide material with a profile error of smaller than 200. nm in PV value after two to three compensation cycles

Modeling the Commuting Travel Activities within Historic Districts in Chinese Cities

The primary objective of this study is to analyze the characteristics of commuting activities within the historical districts in cities of China. The impacts of various explanatory variables on commuters’ travels are evaluated using the structural equation modeling (SEM) approach. The household survey was conducted in the historical districts in Yangzhou, China. Based on the data, various individual and household attributes were considered exogenous variables, while the subsistence activity characteristics, travel times, numbers of three typical home-based trip chains, trip chains, and travel mode were considered as the endogenous variables. Commuters in our study were classified into two main groups according to their working location, which were the commuters in the historic district and those out of the district. The modeling results show that several individual and household attributes of commuters in historic district have significant impacts on the characteristics of travel activities. Additionally, the characteristics of travel activities within the two groups are quite different, and the contributing factors related to commuting travels are different as well

Modeling the Commuting Travel Activities within Historic Districts in Chinese Cities

The primary objective of this study is to analyze the characteristics of commuting activities within the historical districts in cities of China. The impacts of various explanatory variables on commuters' travels are evaluated using the structural equation modeling (SEM) approach. The household survey was conducted in the historical districts in Yangzhou, China. Based on the data, various individual and household attributes were considered exogenous variables, while the subsistence activity characteristics, travel times, numbers of three typical home-based trip chains, trip chains, and travel mode were considered as the endogenous variables. Commuters in our study were classified into two main groups according to their working location, which were the commuters in the historic district and those out of the district. The modeling results show that several individual and household attributes of commuters in historic district have significant impacts on the characteristics of travel activities. Additionally, the characteristics of travel activities within the two groups are quite different, and the contributing factors related to commuting travels are different as well

Mitigating inflammation and fibrosis: the therapeutic potential of quercetin liposomes in COPD

IntroductionChronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a disease with severe therapeutic obstacles and high worldwide death rate. COPD progresses predominantly through inflammatory response followed by fibrotic destruction. Quercetin (Que), recognized for its anti-inflammatory effects, presents significant promise as a therapeutic candidate for COPD therapy. However, poor water solubility and low bioavailability of Que hinder its further clinical application. Liposomes are renowned for their unique structure and function, which provided an efficient approach for the delivery of Que in various drug delivery systems. This study was aim to prepare a novel Que liposome (Que-lipo) and administrated via intratracheal (i.t.) with cigarette smoke induced COPD mice. The underlying therapeutic mechanisms against lung damage of Que-lipo were explored.MethodsQue-lipo were prepared based on thin film dispersion method and administrated via intratracheal administration. The cigarette smoke induced COPD mice were established and a comprehensive approach was employed to explore the inflammation, pulmonary function and histopathology of lung after i.t. administration of Que-lipo, including enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, histopathology and immunohistochemistry, reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction.Results and discussionQue-lipo not only improved the solubility and biocompatibility of Que but also demonstrated effective cellular uptake in vitro. The inflammation, pulmonary function and pathological condition of lung were improved after i.t. administration of Que-lipo. Que-lipo also regulated the expression of key apoptosis-associated proteins such as Bcl-2 and caspase-3/7, leading to significant inhibition of apoptotic activity in COPD. Furthermore, Que-lipo markedly enhanced its ability to alleviate lung inflammation and fibrosis symptoms by modulating inflammation-related factors and fibrosis signaling molecules. The potential mechanisms of Que-lipo in treating COPD were elucidated, including the suppression of the NLRP3/IL-1β inflammasome pathway and the TGF-β1-related fibrosis signaling pathway

Title: Fabrication of small aspheric moulds using single point inclined axis grinding Fabrication of small aspheric moulds using single point inclined axis grinding Fabrication of small aspheric moulds using single point inclined axis grinding

Abstract Single point inclined axis grinding techniques, including the wheel setting, wheel-workpiece interference, error source determination and compensation approaches, were studied to fabricate small aspheric moulds of high profile accuracy. The interference of a cylindrical grinding wheel with the workpiece was analysed and the criteria for selection of wheel geometry for avoiding the interference was proposed. The grinding process was performed with compensation focused on two major error sources, wheel setting error and wheel wear. The grinding results showed that the compensation approach was efficient and the developed grinding process was capable to generate small aspheric concave surfaces on tungsten carbide material with a profile error of smaller than 200 nm in PV value after two to three compensation cycles