Chromatin proteins and RNA are associated with DNA during all phases of mitosis.

Mitosis brings about major changes to chromosome and nuclear structure. We used recently developed proximity ligation assay-based techniques to investigate the association with DNA of chromatin-associated proteins and RNAs in Drosophila embryos during mitosis. All groups of tested proteins, histone-modifying and chromatin-remodeling proteins and methylated histones remained in close proximity to DNA during all phases of mitosis. We also found that RNA transcripts are associated with DNA during all stages of mitosis. Reduction of H3K27me3 levels or elimination of RNAs had no effect on the association of the components of PcG and TrxG complexes to DNA. Using a combination of proximity ligation assay-based techniques and super-resolution microscopy, we found that the number of protein-DNA and RNA-DNA foci undergoes significant reduction during mitosis, suggesting that mitosis may be accompanied by structural re-arrangement or compaction of specific chromatin domains

Estimation of evapotranspiration at different scales using traditional and remote sensing techniques

Water and its use or loss is critically important in the Southwestern United States where population growth is rapidly approaching the limit of available drinking water. It is therefore important to gain an understanding of water use by native and non-native species to ensure that sufficient water remains to maintain native ecosystems. This study examines water loss by the non-native tree species Tamarix ramosissima (saltcedar) at the leaf, branch and whole stand level using traditional methodologies as well as remote sensing. Transpiration measurements were estimated for open and closed stands of Tamarix ramosissima (saltcedar) at two sites within a desert riparian corridor on the lower Virgin River floodplain, southern Nevada. One site (open and closed stands) was within 10 meters of the river channel (River site), and the other site (open and closed stands) was more than 50 meters from the river channel near a Bowen ratio tower (Bowen site). At the leaf level, mid-morning stomatal conductances in trees from the River site were nearly three times higher than the Bowen site for all dates during the summer growing seaSon At the branch level, the results from sap flow measurements were not as clear-cut. While mean daily, accumulated sap flows were higher for the River site in comparison to the Bowen site, these differences were only significant for one date for each stand density. A comparison of the April 1994 and April 1996 remotely sensed data demonstrate the marked negative impact of a flood-induced channel diversion on downstream transpiration. Additionally, it was quite evident from the ET maps that even within apparently homogeneous closed stands there is a high degree of variability in transpiration

Inelastic molecular scattering

Molecular beam study of vibrational state population ratio changes for CsF colliding with CO2, and inelastic scattering theor

Cux1 and Cux2 selectively target basal and apical dendritic compartments of layer II-III cortical neurons

© 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. A number of recent reports implicate the differential regulation of apical and basal dendrites in autism disorders and in the higher functions of the human brain. They show that apical and basal dendrites are functionally specialized and that mechanisms regulating their development have important consequences for neuron function. The molecular identity of layer II-III neurons of the cerebral cortex is determined by the overlapping expression of Cux1 and Cux2. We previously showed that both Cux1 and Cux2 are necessary and nonredundant for normal dendrite development of layer II-III neurons. Loss of function of either gene reduced dendrite arbors, while overexpression increased dendritic complexity and suggested additive functions. We herein characterize the function of Cux1 and Cux2 in the development of apical and basal dendrites. By in vivo loss and gain of function analysis, we show that while the expression level of either Cux1 or Cux2 influences both apical and basal dendrites, they have distinct effects. Changes in Cux1 result in a marked effect on the development of the basal compartment whereas modulation of Cux2 has a stronger influence on the apical compartment. These distinct effects of Cux genes might account for the functional diversification of layer II-III neurons into different subpopulations, possibly with distinct connectivity patterns and modes of neuron response. Our data suggest that by their differential effects on basal and apical dendrites, Cux1 and Cux2 can promote the integration of layer II-III neurons in the intracortical networks in highly specific ways.Peer Reviewe

Temporal, Situational and Interactional Features of Women’s Violent Conflicts

This article examines contextual and situational influences on the processural development of women\u27s violent conflicts. Through close analysis of 3 women\u27s accounts of their disputes and associated violent behaviours, we provide a rich description of how such events evolved over time and how the interviewees managed this process. Drawing upon both criminological and feminist theories, our analysis highlights existing gaps in the literature, providing an exploratory discussion of the interaction of gender with situational elements and the production of assaultive events

The Effects of Dry Needling in the Management of Sub-acromial Impingement Syndrome: A Case Report

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectivness of dry needling to an active trigger point in the anterior deltoid musculature in conjunction with physical therapy. This case study presents a 77-year-old male with traumatic pull into flexion injury. In addition to being given RTC and postural musculature strengthening exercises, PROM, joint mobilization, and soft tissue mobilization, dry needling was performed at week 2 and week 4 of treatment. From this case study, we can conclude that TrP-DN to an active TrPin the anterior deltoid can yield statistically significant improvements in ROM, strength, pain, and functional abilities when combined with physical therapy intervention. In addition, it is important to note that the most significant improvements were subjectively reported in the sessions immediately following each DN intervention.https://soar.usa.edu/flmifall2019/1001/thumbnail.jp

Frizzled-3a and Wnt-8b genetically interact during forebrain commissural formation in embryonic zebrafish

The commissural plate forms the rostral surface of the embryonic vertebrate forebrain and provides a cellular substrate for forebrain commissural axons. We have previously reported that the Wnt receptor frizzled-3a (fzd3a) restricts the expression of the chemorepulsive guidance ligand slit2 to a discrete domain of neuroepithelial cells in the commissural plate of embryonic zebrafish. Loss of Fzd3a function perturbed slit2 expression and disrupted the formation of glial bridges which guide the formation of forebrain commissures. We now show that Wnt8b is also necessary for anterior commissural formation as well as for patterning of slit2 expression at the midline. Knock down of Wnt8b produced the same phenotype as loss of Fzd3a which suggested that these genes were acting together to regulate axon guidance. Simultaneous sub-threshold knock down of both Fzd3a and Wnt8b led to a greater than additive increase in the penetrance of the mutant phenotype which indicated that these two genes were indeed interacting. We have shown here that Fzd3a/Wnt8b signaling is essential for normal patterning of the commissural plate and that loss-of-function in either receptor or ligand causes Slit2-dependent defects in glial bridge morphology which indirectly attenuated axon midline crossing in the embryonic vertebrate forebrain. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved