Mineral, fluid and thermal evolution in veins from late orogenic coal basins of the Cantabrian Zone (Variscan, NW Spain)

The detailed study of syn-tectonic mineral veins and textural features of fluid inclusions is a useful approach for reconstructing the fluid and thermal evolution in diagenetic and very low-grade metamorphism environments. Here, mineralised fissures within the clastic sedimentary rocks of the Ciñera-Matallana and Sabero Stephanian pull-apart coal basins (Cantabrian Zone, Variscan of NW Spain) are investigated. These bedding perpendicular fissures (cm-wide) formed in sandstones synchronous with folding and faulting during bedding-parallel slip. Three stages of infilling and mineral growth are recognised within the veins, reflecting different fracture-opening events under different fluid, thermal and tectonic regimes at hydrostatic pressure conditions: Stage 1 was related to the temperature rise during burial before thermal peak conditions were attained (during Permian times). Euhedral quartz crystallised from a heterogeneously trapped, immiscible H2O-CH4 -CO2 (± NaCl) fluid mixture. P-T conditions evolved from 73 °- 110 °C and 15-56 MPa to 87 °-129 °C and 10-27 MPa. At a late stage of quartz growth saddle dolomite precipitated. Materials for mineral precipitation were derived locally from the detrital fraction within the Stephanian rocks,and transported into solution by advection of large volumes of gas (CH4 -CO2) and water formed in response to progressive maturation of the coal. Stage 2 also occurred under burial conditions, with lower temperature diagenetic dissolution-precipitation reactions controlling mineral growth. Brittle reactivation of veins caused microcracking of the large quartz crystals and extensive dedolomitisation. Ferroan blocky calcite precipitated at 60 ° to 100 °C from a H2O-NaCl-CaCl2 -CH4 fluid with total salinities from 20.5 to 31.9 eq.wt%, also preserved as secondary inclusions in the vein quartz. This fracture re-opening and fluid flow event was related to the infiltration of marine water during Cretaceous tectonic subsidence, subsequently modified and expelled during late tectonic reactivation (Alpine Orogeny). Stage 3 was linked with uplift and exhumation of the basin fill. Late calcite and authigenic kaolinite formed in response to low-temperature diagenetic and weathering reactions of the Stephanian rocks. Mineral precipitation was controlled by a constant supply of meteoric water (T <50 °C), that circulated preferentially along fault structures reaching the deeper parts of the stratigraphic section. Shortly after the Stage 1 of vein evolution,diorite sills were emplaced into the basinal sequences and small veins containing quartz and kaolinite formed within some of these intrusives.The hydrothermal quartz also crystallised from an immiscible H2O-CH4 -CO2 (± NaCl) fluid at 164 °-296 °C and 3-48 MPa,and is considered to be the product of extensive mineral alteration as the cooling magma intruded along coal seams. A variety of thermally re-equilibrated fluid inclusions are reported in fissure quartz within the clastic rocks. Five textural types of re-equilibration were recognised in progressive order of inclusion modification: scalloped, hairy, annular-ring shaped, haloes and decrepitation clusters. These textures resulted from a combination of brittle fracturing and dissolution and re-precipitation of quartz, with preferential loss of water. Decrepitation of fluid inclusions in vein quartz throughout the entire basin reflects the wide extent of the thermal peak. Short-lived, high temperatures are related to the intrusion and alteration of the diorites in the basin, which further enhanced degassing and dehydration of the coal. The generated fluid probably circulated by advection through the already formed fissure network. Keywords: fluid-rock interaction, coal basins, veins, quartz, fluid inclusions, re-equilibration textures, thermal peak and heat transmission

Evolutionary drivers of kype size in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar): domestication, age and genetics

The diversity of reproduction and associated mating patterns in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) has long captivated evolutionary biologists. Salmo salar exhibit strategies involving migration, bold mating behaviours and radical morphological and physiological change. One such radical change is the elongation and curvature of the lower jaw in sexually mature males into a hook-like appendage called the kype. The kype is a secondary sexual characteristic used in mating hierarchies and a prime candidate for sexual selection. As one of the core global aquaculture fish species, however, mate choice, and thus sexual selection, has been replaced by industrial artificial fertilization seeking to develop more commercially viable strains. Removal of mate choice provides a unique opportunity to examine the kype over successive generations in the absence of sexual selection. Here we use a large-scale common-garden experiment, incorporating six experimental strains (wild, farmed and wild × farmed hybrids), experiencing one to three sea winters, to assess the impact of age and genetic background. After controlling for allometry, fork length-adjusted kype height (AKH) was significantly reduced in the domesticated strain in comparison to two wild strains. Furthermore, genetic variation at a locus on linkage group SSA1 was associated with kype height, and a locus on linkage group SSA23 was associated with fork length-adjusted kype length (AKL). The reduction in fork length-AKH in domesticated salmon suggests that the kype is of importance in mate choice and that it has decreased due to relaxation of sexual selection. Fork length-AKL showed an increase in domesticated individuals, highlighting that it may not be an important cue in mate choice. These results give us insight into the evolutionary significance of the kype, as well as implications of genetic induced phenotypic change caused by domesticated individuals escaping into the natural environment

Evaluación de la gestión sostenible en hoteles de tres estrellas, Miraflores-Lima. Propuesta de gestión sostenible, 2018

La presente tesis denominada “Evaluación de la gestión sostenible en hoteles de tres estrellas, Miraflores-Lima. Propuesta de Gestión Sostenible” pretende dar a conocer un conjunto de estándares o pautas que contribuyan a la gestión sostenible para los hoteles de tres estrellas en el distrito de Miraflores-Lima. En ese sentido es importante hacer una evaluación de la situación de estos establecimientos en relación a sus sistemas y la gestión sostenible. Con la información obtenida es que se hará la propuesta de gestión, la misma que es adaptable a la naturaleza de hoteles de esta categoría en general, dejando en claro que nuestra propuesta está enfocada hacia la primera de las funciones de la administración, es decir, la planificación, como parte del proceso de gestión. Desde hace 30 años hasta nuestros días está de moda hablar de sostenibilidad. Cuando hablamos de poner en marcha acciones para gestionar de manera sostenible la hotelería, nos estamos refiriendo, ni más ni menos, a asegurarnos que las próximas generaciones puedan disfrutar de lo mismo que la presente, por lo menos

Investigating the frequency of triploid Atlantic salmon in wild Norwegian and Russian populations

Fish may display variations in ploidy, including three sets of chromosomes, known as triploidy. A recent study revealed a frequency of ~ 2% spontaneous (i.e., non-intentional) triploidy in domesticated Atlantic salmon produced in Norwegian aquaculture in the period 2007–2014. In contrast, the frequency of triploidy in wild salmon populations has not been studied thus far, and in wild populations of other organisms, it has been very rarely studied. In population genetic data sets, individuals that potentially display chromosome abnormalities, such as triploids with three alleles, are typically excluded on the premise that they may reflect polluted or otherwise compromised samples. Here, we critically re-investigated the microsatellite genetic profile of ~ 6000 wild Atlantic salmon sampled from 80 rivers in Norway and Russia, to investigate the frequency of triploid individuals in wild salmon populations for the first time.publishedVersio

Levels of Physical Activity at Age 10 Years and Brain Morphology Changes from Ages 10 to 14 Years

Importance: Physical activity may promote healthy brain development in children, but previous research was predominantly cross-sectional and included small samples, providing limited knowledge. Objective:To investigate the longitudinal associations of physical activity with brain morphology changes. Design, Setting, and Participants: A 4-year longitudinal population-based cohort study in Rotterdam, the Netherlands, embedded in Generation R, a cohort from fetal life onward. From the women enrolled during pregnancy, children who had repeated measures of brain structure at ages 10 (range 8 to 12) years and 14 (range 13 to 15) years were included. Data were collected from March 2013 to November 2015 (baseline) and from October 2016 to January 2020 (follow-up). Data were analyzed from April to December 2022. Exposure: At age 10 years, both the child and their primary caregiver reported the child's levels of physical activity with regard to sport participation, outdoor play, and total physical activity. Primary analyses were based on an average multi-informant report. Main outcomes and measures: Brain morphology was quantified by magnetic resonance imaging. Hypothesized regions of interest were the bilateral amygdala and hippocampal volumes. Global brain measures were studied to test the specificity of the hypothesis. Results: Data were available for 1088 children (566 girls [52%]; 693 [64%] Dutch). Their mean (SD) age at baseline was 10.1 (0.6) years. For amygdala volume change, positive associations with multi-informant reports of total physical activity (β = 2.6; 95% CI, 0.3-4.9) were found. Total physical activity was associated with hippocampal volume increases only when reported by the child (β = 3.1; 95% CI, 0.4-5.8). No robust associations with global brain measures were found. Conclusions and relevance: In this cohort study of 1088 children, more physical activity at 10 years was consistently associated with an increase in amygdala volume in children aged 10 to 14 years. Physical activity and increases in hippocampal volume were found using child reports of physical activity only. These findings suggest physical activity in late childhood was prospectively associated with volumetric changes in specific subcortical structures, but not to global brain development, from late childhood to early adolescence. These findings may inform the design of future public health interventions to best facilitate neurodevelopment with physical activity..</p

Introgression of domesticated salmon changes life history and phenology of a wild salmon population

The release of domesticated conspecifics into the natural environment, whether deliberate or accidental, has the potential to alter the genetic integrity and evolutionary trajectory of wild populations. This widespread challenge is of particular concern for wild Atlantic salmon. By investigating phenotypic differences between the offspring of domesticated, hybrid, and wild Atlantic salmon released into the natural environment, earlier studies have documented the short-term consequences of introgression from domesticated fish into wild salmon populations. However, few studies have investigated the joined product of introgression and natural selection after several generations. Here, we investigated the phenotypic response of an Atlantic salmon population that has been subjected to an average of 24% genetic admixture by domesticated conspecifics escaping from fish farms over three decades (approximately 6–7 generations). Individual levels of admixture were positively correlated with increased size at the smolt and adult stages for both sexes, a decrease in the age of male smolts, and a decrease in the age at maturity for males. These life history changes are presumably the consequence of the well-documented directional selection for increased growth in domesticated salmon and are likely maladaptive. However, the most novel result of this study is that admixture was positively linked with delayed date of return to the river, with highly admixed fish arriving up to 26 days later than nonadmixed fish. Potentially, this phenological change provides admixed individuals with a survival advantage in the later phase of the life cycle as it reduces their period of exposure to selection through rod and line angling. We, therefore, conclude that while gene flow from domesticated conspecifics changes life history and phenological traits of wild Atlantic salmon populations, most of which are likely to be maladaptive, when pressured by additional anthropogenic challenges, some changes may confer a fitness advantage for a short part of the life cycle.publishedVersio

Molecular detection of Hepatozoon spp. and Cytauxzoon sp. in domestic and stray cats from Madrid, Spain

Background: Different species of apicomplexan protozoans of the genera Hepatozoon and Cytauxzoon can infect domestic cats, but their epidemiology and clinical relevance are not fully understood. The aim of this study was to assess the molecular prevalence of Hepatozoon spp. and Cytauxzoon spp. and to identify associated risk factors and clinical and laboratory abnormalities in a population of cats from Madrid, Spain. Methods: Six hundred and forty-four client-owned and stray cats from Madrid, Spain, were included in this study. DNA samples were analyzed by two polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests to detect a partial sequence of the 18S rRNA gene of Hepatozoon spp. and Cytauxzoon spp. In order to evaluate possible associations between infection by these protozoans and epidemiological or clinical parameters, data were collected related to: the season of sample collection, age, gender, spayed/neutered status, breed, living area, lifestyle, outdoor access, contact with other animals, prey on wild animals, history of tick or flea infestation, travel history, ectoparasiticide treatment, previous blood transfusion, previous tetracycline administration in the last 60 days, Feline Leukemia virus (FeLV) and Feline Immunodeficiency virus (FIV) status, positivity to other vector-borne diseases, the presence or absence of clinical signs and hematological or biochemical alterations. Results: DNA of Hepatozoon spp. and Cytauxzoon sp. was amplified from the blood of 10 (1.6%) and 8 (1.2%) cats, respectively. Previous treatment with tetracyclines in the last 60 days, previous administration of blood transfusion, a decrease in haematocrit and an increase in creatinine were associated with Hepatozoon spp. infection. Cytauxzoon sp. infection was more frequent in samples collected during the winter months and in cats living in rural areas. This infection was associated with a FIV-positive status. Some of the cats that were positive for Hepatozoon spp. or Cytauxzoon sp. had been exposed to other vector-borne pathogens, such as Ehrlichia canis and Bartonella henselae. Conclusions: Our results indicate that cats from Madrid, central Spain, are infected with Hepatozoon spp. and Cytauxzoon sp., although with a low prevalence. Further studies are needed to determine the virulence of these agents in Spanish cats. Keywords: Cat, Central Spain, Cytauxzoon sp., Hepatozoon canis, Hepatozoon felis, PC

Genetic study reveals local differentiation persisting in the face of high connectivity and a genomic inversion likely linked with sexual antagonism in a common marine fish

Sustainable harvest of wild populations requires knowledge of the underlying population structure. The focus of this study is on goldsinny wrasse (Ctenolabrus rupestris), a small marine fish inhabiting coastal waters of the north-eastern Atlantic. This species is caught in large numbers to serve as cleaner fish in salmonid aquaculture. We genotyped 2073 goldsinny wrasse from 43 sites along the Scandinavian coastline with 143 SNPs. Seven of the SNPs were linked and likely reside within a large genomic inversion dominated by one haplotype. The heterokaryotype of the putative inversion displayed sex-specific growth patterns, potentially resolving sexual antagonism for this trait. The unlinked 134 SNPs showed modest isolation-by-distance with samples from the northernmost locations showing highest divergence, whereas sites farther south were much more interconnected. Genetic divergence (FST) was highly variable among sites within regions, suggesting a varying degree of connectivity and local divergence. We conclude that despite a high degree of gene-flow mediated through pelagic dispersal in early life stages, regional and some local population structure remains due to limited adult movement in addition to other unidentified factors. Consequently, the species might be more vulnerable to local disturbances than previously anticipated.publishedVersio

Development of supermale and all-male Atlantic salmon to research the vgll3 allele - puberty link

Farmed Atlantic salmon are one of the most economically significant global aquaculture products. Early sexual maturation of farmed males represents a significant challenge to this industry and has been linked with the vgll3 genotype. However, tools to aid research of this topic, such as all-male and clonal fish, are still lacking. The present 6-year study examined if all-male production is possible in Atlantic salmon, a species with heteromorphic sex chromosomes (males being XY, females XX), and if all-male fish can be applied to further explore the vgll3 contribution on the likelihood of early maturation.publishedVersio

Adaptation in landlocked Atlantic salmon links genetics in wild and farmed salmon to smoltification

Increased knowledge of heritable traits in Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) is important to overcome bottlenecks in salmonid aquaculture. Atlantic salmonid populations, both landlocked and anadromous, represent an interesting model to gain insight into anadromy related traits, most notably, the probability to smoltify. While a previous study has identified several genomic regions diverging between anadromous and landlocked populations across the species range, the present study explores these data further with the aim to uncover if some of these genomic regions are linked to beneficial genetic traits associated with smoltification. In this study 17 of these loci were monitored in 669 anadromous salmon originating from 36 full-sibling families that had been reared under common garden conditions. The Smolt Index was calculated, using multiple visual markers, and provided a means of assessing smoltification stage. One SNP, located in Ssa04, showed a significant association with probability to smoltify, where individuals homozygous for the landlocked variant (LL) displayed a decrease in probability of smoltifying after one winter when compared with the homozygous for the anadromous variant (AA). This effect was independent of individual fish size. A separate common garden study comprising 200 individuals from either anadromous or landlocked strains showed that expression levels of ncor1, a thyroid mediator hormone located on the same chromosomal region (Ssa04), were significantly reduced in landlocked individuals post smoltification but remained constant in their anadromous counterparts. This study therefore suggests that while size is still the most important trigger for the induction of smoltification, there may also be an additional genetic component or trigger that has been ‘lost’ during the years deprived of SW transfer. In conclusion, the LL genotype identified here could potentially be used by the industry to delay smoltification and may also represent one of the first clues to the genetic regulation of smoltification in Atlantic salmon.publishedVersio