Honeys and plants used in the traditional medicine of northern Misiones

Se analizan los usos medicinales de los productos obtenidos de colonias de abejas silvestres, en cuanto al uso diferencial de estos recursos según las especies de abejas y el consenso de usos de mezclas que involucran mieles. Se reportaron 412 usos correspondientes a 9 taxones de abejas. Entre los productos de los nidos de estos insectos, la miel es el más utilizado como remedio, principalmente para el sistema respiratorio y como alimento funcional. La misma se emplea en diversas formas de preparación y están presentes en 61 preparados mixtos donde se combinan con plantas (39 especies), productos manufacturados (6) y de origen animal (5). Se halló consenso en el uso de algunos productos, no así en las combinaciones en las que intervienen. Las mieles de Tetragonisca fiebrigi y de Apis mellifera se destacan por su importancia y versatilidad de uso. Éstas pueden ser consideradas recursos medicinales complementarios y a priori no intercambiables. Sin embargo, las especificidades deben ser entendidas como alternativas no categóricas, cuyo uso es moldeado por otros factores como disponibilidad y acceso.The uses of wild bees products and plants in the traditional medicine of the province of Misiones, Argentina, was studied; particularly regarding bee species and therapeutic uses of honey-based concoctions. In this paper, 412 different uses were reported, comprising 9 wild bees taxa. Among the useful products collected from wild bee hives, honey was the most frequently used; mainly for respiratory afflictions and as functional foods. Honeys are used as the basic ingredient of 61 concoctions, where 39 plant species, 6 manufactured products, and 5 products of animal origin may be mixed-in alternatively. Consensus between informants was found regarding primary products, but not in the combinations used in the recipes. Honeys produced by Tetragonisca fiebrigi and Apis mellifera stand out due to their widespread use and high value given by inhabitants. These honeys could be considered as complementary therapeutic products, but a priori not as interchangeable ones. However, specificities in the medicinal use of Tetragonisca fiebrigi and Apis mellifera honeys should be understood as a continuum, shaped by other factors such as availability and access.Fil: Zamudio, Fernando. Centro de Investigaciones del Bosque Atlantico; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Hilgert, Norma Ines. Centro de Investigaciones del Bosque Atlantico; Argentin

El acto administrativo como expresión de la función administrativa

The teacher Jaime Orlando Santofimio Gamboa makes clear that the democracy is the point of item and formal and substantial determinant of the totality of the activity and administrative function of the State and, therefore, it is consolidated as the modal of the juridical applicable regime for the exercise of happiness function, of which some beginning can be glimpsed as that of legality, prevalencia of the general interest, responsibility, prevalencia and respect of the fundamental rights, division of power and control of the public activity. (Santofimio, 1998) The contentious administrative jurisdiction, originated in the year of 1799 with the creation of the French State council, across his failures has created the doctrine of the modern administrative law.El profesor Jaime Orlando Santofimio Gamboa explica que el estado de derecho es el punto de partida y determinante formal y sustancial de la totalidad de la actividad y función administrativa del Estado y, por lo tanto, se consolida como el referente del régimen jurídico aplicable para el ejercicio de dicha función, del cual se pueden vislumbrar algunos principios como el de legalidad, prevalencia del interés general, responsabilidad, prevalencia y respeto de los derechos fundamentales, división de poderes y control de la actividad pública. (Santofimio, 1998) La jurisdicción contenciosa administrativa, originada en el año de 1799 con la creación del Consejo de Estado francés, a través de sus fallos ha creado la doctrina del derecho administrativo  moderno.Le professeur Jaime Orlando Santofimio Gamboa explique que l’état de droit est le point de départ et le déterminant formel et substantiel de la totalité de l’activité et fonction administrative de l’État et, par con- séquent, est consolidé comme le référant du régime juridique applicable pour l’exercice du bonheur función, duquel quelques principes peuvent être aperçus comme celuilà de légalité, prevalencia de l’intérêt général, responsabilité, prevalencia et un respect des droits fondamentaux, une division de pouvoirs et un contrôle de l’activité publique. (Santofimio, 1998) La juridiction conten- tieuse administrative, provoquée en 1799 avec la création du Conseil d’Etat français, à travers de ses fautes a créé la doctrine du droit administratif moderne

Learning to hunt Crocodiles: social organization in the process of knowledge generation and the emergence of management practices among Mayan of Mexico

Background New kinds of knowledge, usage patterns and management strategies of natural resources emerge in local communities as a way of coping with uncertainty in a changing world.Studying how human groups adapt and create new livelihoods strategies are important research topics for creating policies in natural resources management. Here, we study the adoption and development of lagartos (Crocodylus moreletii) commercial hunting by Mayan people from a communal land in Quintana Roo state. Two questions guided our work: how did the Mayan learn to hunt lagartos? And how, and in what context, did knowledge and management practices emerge? We believe that social structures, knowledge and preexisting skills facilitate the hunting learning process, but lagarto ecological knowledge and organizational practice were developed in a learning by doing process. Methods We conducted free, semi-structured and in-depth interviews over 17 prestigious lagartos hunters who reconstructed the activity through oral history. Then, we analyzed the sources of information and routes of learning and investigated the role of previous knowledge and social organization in the development of this novel activity. Finally, we discussed the emergence of hunting in relation to the characteristic of natural resource and the tenure system. Results Lagarto hunting for skin selling was a short-term activity, which represented an alternative source of money for some Mayans known as lagarteros. They acquired different types of knowledge and skills through various sources of experience (individual practice, or from foreign hunters and other Mayan hunters). The developed management system involved a set of local knowledge about lagartos ecology and a social organization structure that was then articulated in the formation of ?working groups? with particular hunting locations (rumbos and trabajaderos), rotation strategies and collaboration among them. Access rules and regulations identified were in an incipient state of development and were little documented. Conclusions In agreement to the hypothesis proposed, the Mayan used multiple learning paths to develop a new activity: the lagarto hunting. On the one hand, they used their traditional social organization structure as well as their culturally inherited knowledge. On the other hand, they acquired new ecological knowledge of the species in a learning-by-doing process, together with the use of other sources of external information. The formation of working groups, the exchange of information and the administration of hunting locations are similar to other productive activities and livelihood practiced by these Mayan. Skills such as preparing skins and lagartos ecological knowledge were acquired by foreign hunters and during hunting practice, respectively. We detected a feedback between local ecological knowledge and social organization, which in turn promoted the emergence of Mayan hunting management practices.Fil: Zamudio, Fernando. Universidad Nacional de Misiones. Facultad de Ciencias Forestales. Instituto de Biologia Subtropical - Sede Puerto Iguazu; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Bello, Baltazar Eduardo. El Colegio de la Frontera del Sur; MéxicoFil: Estrada Lugo, Erin I. J.. El Colegio de la Frontera del Sur; Méxic

The key role of cultural preservation in maize diversity conservation in the Argentine Yungas

Farmers' decisions on what to grow and why can contribute in understanding the conservation of agrobiodiversity. Culture and ethnicity are indicated as first-class factors leading preservation of heirloom cultivars but this has been little considered in studies examining factors that influence the loss or preservation of agrobiodiversity.We propose that corn?s ethnotaxa of less diverse uses, which are also key partners in local cultural reproduction, are usually cultivated by a few households. We analyse if there is a relationship between uses and richness of cultivated ethnotaxa at household level and describe corn's medicinal and ritual uses.We found 25 cultivated ethnotaxa, heterogeneously distributed in the region, and we also found that ethnotaxa with less diverse uses are cultivated in fewer households.We identified that, at regional scale, richness is related with food use diversity.The most frequently cited medicinal uses were urinary and tract infections, diarrhoea, and liver disorders.Medicinal recipes involve combinations with other elements.Maize is an indispensable resource in the rituals that propitiate productive activity, to augur prosperity or misfortune according to signals.We have identified the vulnerability in preserving the richness of corn in the region and the factors that shape its cultivation at different scales.Fil: Hilgert, Norma Ines. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico - CONICET - Nordeste. Instituto de Biologia Subtropical; Argentina;Fil: Zamudio, Fernando. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico - CONICET - Nordeste. Instituto de Biologia Subtropical. Instituto de Biologia Subtropical - Nodo Puerto Iguazu; Argentina;Fil: Furlan, Violeta. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico - CONICET - Nordeste. Instituto de Biologia Subtropical; Argentina;Fil: Cariola Szuchman, Lucía. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico - CONICET - Nordeste. Instituto de Biologia Subtropical; Argentina

Efectos de dosis crecientes de compost comercial y nitrógeno convencional sobre las propiedades químicas de un suelo sedimentario cultivado con maíz

53 p.Se estudió la fertilización de un suelo sedimentario con dosis crecientes de compost comercial bioestabilizado de cerdo y nitrógeno (N) a la forma de úrea, y combinada. Se determinó su efecto sobre las propiedades químicas del suelo, en dos estratas (0-20 cm. y 20-40 cm. de profundidad) y la relación entre ellas, se utilizó un cultivo de maíz (Zea mays L.), y así determinar las dosis óptimas de el o los tratamientos evaluados para obtener una mejora en estas propiedades. Este experimento fue realizado en el campo experimental de Semameris, en la localidad de Talca, región del Maule, en la temporada 2009-2010. Los resultados demostraron que para la primera estrata de 0 a 20 cm., el pH y calcio fueron mejorados con la dosis de 10 ton ha-1 de bioestabilizado, y magnesio con la dosis de 12,5 ton ha-1. No así con la urea. N y sodio (Na) fueron afectados por la combinación de bioestabilizado y urea. El N fue afectado en forma directa por la dosis de ambas fuentes evaluadas y el tratamiento que logró la mayor concentración en el suelo fue 12,5 ton ha-1 de Bioestabilizado y 300 kg ha-1 de N, para Na el óptimo hubo un efecto inversamente proporcional y la mayor concentración se obtuvo con 7,5 ton ha-1 de Bioestabilizado y 0 kg ha-1 de N. Materia orgánica, fósforo y potasio no fueron afectados en este nivel. Para la estrata de suelo de 20 a 40 cm, el pH fué mejorado con la combinación de bioestabilizado en dosis de 7,5 ton ha-1 y N en dosis de 0 kg ha-1. Lo mismo sucedió con calcio, cuya combinación que logró la mayor concentración en el suelo óptima fue bioestabilizado en dosis de 7,5 ton ha-1 y N en dosis de 200 kg ha-1. Magnesio (Mg) y materia orgánica (MO) se vieron afectados positivamente por la dosis de compost, Mg con 12,5 ton ha-1 y MO con 7,5 ton ha-1. Fósforo (P), potasio (K) y sodio (Na) no fueron afectados por los tratamientos evaluados. Además se observó una correlación inversamente proporcional entre N disponible y pH, y correlaciones positivas fueron registradas entre K intercambiable y P disponible, saturación de bases (SB) y K intercambiable, y entre SB y Mg intercambiable en todo el perfil del suelo evaluado. Los balances nutricionales indicaron una alta relación sólo para el Mg intercambiable del suelo en la estrata de 0 a 20 cm. Palabras claves: Compost- Suelo./ABSTRACT: Was studied the fertilization of soil sediment with increasing doses of commercial compost bioestabilized pork and nitrogen (N) in the form of urea in combination to determine their effect on soil chemical properties in two strata (0-20 cm . and 20-40 cm. depht) as well as the relationship between them, which was cultivated with corn (Zea mays L.), and determine the optimal doses of the treatments or evaluated for improvement in these properties. This experiment was conducted in the experimental field of Semameris in the town of Talca, Maule Region, in the 2009-2010 season. The results showed that for the first stratum of 0 to 20 cm., pH and calcium were enhanced with dose of 10 ton ha-1 ioestabilizado, and magnesium with a dose of 12.5 ton ha-1, but not with urea . N and sodium (Na) were affected by the combination of bioestabilized and urea N was directly affected by the dose proportional both sources evaluated, and the treatment that achieved the highest concentration in the soil was 12.5 ton ha-1 Bioestabilzed and 300 kg N ha-1 For Na optimal effect was inversely proportional and the highest concentration was obtained with 7.5 ton ha-1 of Bioestabilziado and 0 kg ha-1 of N. Organic matter, phosphorus and potassium were not affected at this level. For the soil layers 20 to 40 cm, the pH improved with the combination of bioestabilized dose of 7.5 ton ha-1 N at rates of 0 kg ha-1. The same happened with calcium, whose optimal combination that achieved the highest concentration in the soil was bioestabilized dose of 7.5 ton ha-1 and N at 200 kg ha-1. Magnesium and organic matter were positively affected by the dose of compost, Mg with 12.5 ton ha-1 and MO with 7.5 ton ha-1. Phosphorus, potassium and sodium were not affected by treatments.It also presented an inverse correlation between N availability and pH, and positive correlations between exchangeable K and available P, base saturation (BS) and exchangeable K and Mg exchange between SB and throughout the soil profile evaluated. The nutrient balances indicated a high ratio only for soil exchangeable Mg in the strata from 0 to 20 cm

Learning to hunt crocodiles : social organization in the process of knowledge generation and the emergence of management practices among Mayan of Mexico

Resumen en inglés: "Background: New kinds of knowledge, usage patterns and management strategies of natural resources emerge in local communities as a way of coping with uncertainty in a changing world. Studying how human groups adapt and create new livelihoods strategies are important research topics for creating policies in natural resources management. Here, we study the adoption and development of lagartos (Crocodylus moreletii) commercial hunting by Mayan people from a communal land in Quintana Roo state. Two questions guided our work: how did the Mayan learn to hunt lagartos? And how, and in what context, did knowledge and management practices emerge? We believe that social structures, knowledge and preexisting skills facilitate the hunting learning process, but lagarto ecological knowledge and organizational practice were developed in a “learning by doing” process. Methods: We conducted free, semi-structured and in-depth interviews over 17 prestigious lagartos hunters who reconstructed the activity through oral history. Then, we analyzed the sources of information and routes of learning and investigated the role of previous knowledge and social organization in the development of this novel activity. Finally, we discussed the emergence of hunting in relation to the characteristic of natural resource and the tenure system. Results: Lagarto hunting for skin selling was a short-term activity, which represented an alternative source of money for some Mayans known as lagarteros. They acquired different types of knowledge and skills through various sources of experience (individual practice, or from foreign hunters and other Mayan hunters). The developed management system involved a set of local knowledge about lagartos ecology and a social organization structure that was then articulated in the formation of “working groups” with particular hunting locations (rumbos and trabajaderos), rotation strategies and collaboration among them. Access rules and regulations identified were in an incipient state of development and were little documented. Conclusions: In agreement to the hypothesis proposed, the Mayan used multiple learning paths to develop a new activity: the lagarto hunting. On the one hand, they used their traditional social organization structure as well as their culturally inherited knowledge. On the other hand, they acquired new ecological knowledge of the species in a learning-by-doing process, together with the use of other sources of external information. The formation of working groups, the exchange of information and the administration of hunting locations are similar to other productive activities and livelihood practiced by these Mayan. Skills such as preparing skins and lagartos ecological knowledge were acquired by foreign hunters and during hunting practice, respectively. We detected a feedback between local ecological knowledge and social organization, which in turn promoted the emergence of Mayan hunting management practices.

Isolation, chemical and functional characterization of several new K+-channel blocking peptides from the venom of the scorpion Centruroides tecomanus

K

Conocimiento ecológico y sistema de manejo maya del lagarto (Crocodylus moreletii) en Quintana Roo, México

Resumen en español: "Analizamos el conocimiento ecológico tradicional (C.E.T.) de un grupo maya sobre el lagarto (Crocodylus moreletii) en el contexto de la cacería realizada en las décadas de 1960 y 1970. Hoy, después de la veda total a la caza de cocodrilianos en 1970 en México, éstos representan un recurso de aprovechamiento potencial para comunidades locales. La investigación buscó conocer los conocimientos ecológicos, formas de organización, prácticas y estrategias requeridas para la cacería de lagartos, y los usos y creencias en torno a la especie. Nos planteamos el análisis del sistema de manejo maya, sus implicaciones ecológicas y de manejo, y su relación con los mecanismos sociales involucrados. Se hace evidente un sistema de manejo cualitativo vinculado a formas de organización social (grupos de cazadores y rumbos de trabajo) y al espacio. El manejo se basaba en conocimientos sobre la dinámica de desplazamientos estacionales de los lagartos, y en las propiedades y características del paisaje y los hábitats. La información ecológica vertida por los mayas concuerda con la literatura científica sobre la especie y otros cocodrilianos. El sistema de manejo se plantea como espacio-temporal con manejo de hábitats críticos y se sustenta en un esquema de fuente sumidero. Se evidencia una restricción al consumo de la carne del lagarto interpretada como un tabú. El C.E.T. maya aporta nueva información ecológica sobre C moreletii y formas cualitativas de manejo que son alternativas complementarias al manejo convencional.

Ethnozoology in the mountains. What does the cognitive salience of wild animals tell us?

In recent times, ethnobiology has revived interest in cognitive aspects of humans' communities. A concept commonly used in this area is cognitive salience. In this paper we assess the wild animal salience meaning for the rural people from an area of the mountain range of the Cordoba province (Argentina). We also analyzed the relationship of cultural and ecological factors over wild animal domain salience. The values of cognitive salience, perception and cultural value were obtained by means of free lists to 16 collaborators, while semistructured interviews were used to inquire about local ecological knowledge and ease of observation about wild animals. The interdependence between the five variables elaborated was analyzed through a Principal Components Regression. The results show a qualitative relationship between Cognitive Salience and Cultural Value and a significant correlation between Cognitive Salience and Local Ecological Knowledge. Ease of Observation did not correlate with Cognitive Salience, but show a significant relationship with the Perceived Abundance. The results suggest a complex network of factors that are modeling the cognitive salience and local perceptions over wild animals. In our findings, highlight the Cultural Value given to harmful animals which reflects an increasing pattern in the region, the conflict between rural people and wild animals. In turn a mutual influences and causal feedback loops between cognitive salience and an ecological factor, the Perceived abundance, is proposed. Investigations over cognition and about how people perceived nature can give us an idea of how they act in it, a compelling factor when it comes to cultural and biological conservation issues.Fil: Wajner, Matias. No especifíca;Fil: Tamburini, Daniela Maria. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas y Tecnológicas. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales. Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas y Tecnológicas; ArgentinaFil: Zamudio, Fernando. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal; Argentin