Recent climate variability of the Antarctic Peninsula - isotopic characteristics and tele-connections of hydrological systems

Antarctica is among the regions with highest recent rapid regional warming (RRR) (Cullather et al. 1996, Vaughan et al. 2003, Schneider et al. 2006), most likely due to post-industrial anthropogenic influence. The Antarctic Peninsula (API) has even a stronger tendency (3.4°C (century)-1) and due to its marine climatic influence, a faster warming than the continental Antarctic is observed (Vaughan et al. 2003). The recent warming trend is estimated to be three times higher (or even more) than the global average of about 0.5°C between 1950-2000. This effect, also known as polar amplification, shows on one hand the vulnerability of this region to climate and environmental change, with retreating glaciers and reduced snow cover. On the other hand it may be considered as a natural laboratory to study and better understand these effects, teleconnections and feedback mechanisms. The objectives of this project are a contribution to the understanding of the hydrological system in the polar and sub-polar regions of the Antarctic Peninsula (including the nearby islands) and the South of Chile/Argentina: How are the study areas affected by the global climate change and anomalous climatic conditions like El Niño-La Niña phenomena, today and in the last century (or beyond)? Are these changes visible in the isotope record? Which climatic relations and differences exist between the regional climate systems? To achieve this goal we will compare the oxygen and hydrogen isotope signatures of recent precipitation (snow and rain) to existing climate data and the local hydrological system (lakes, small streams). Older archives such as ice cores and snow pits will be used to expand the measured data series to the past. Stable water isotopes are considered as excellent proxies for tracing air temperature changes (18O, D) and through the deuterium excess d (d = D - 8 * 18O), also for reconstruction of atmospheric moisture sources. Summarising all this climate proxies, it is possible to reconstruct an annual to seasonal resolution record for surface temperatures, wind tendencies and moisture sources of precipitation for the study area. Intercomparing the data sets will enable us to reconstruct the history of climate variability for this area

Eficacia de la ley penal como forma de control social formal en Chile

60 p.La eficacia del derecho penal se ha ido atenuando en el tiempo, ello como una falta de adecuación temporal, llegando incluso a ser considerada ineficaz para el modelo de sociedad vigente, ya que la ley penal debe ser un reflejo de la identidad social. Para comprender el funcionamiento del Derecho Penal Chileno es necesario tener conocimientos generales acerca de la estructura del mismo. A la luz de las teorías criminológicas se intentará dar una explicación a los delitos de mayor connotación social, a través de tablas y gráficos, para explicar la conducta criminal, para finalmente analizar la eficacia del derecho penal con mayor profundidad. El resultado esperado en esta investigación, se centra en la posibilidad de proponer ideas de cómo poder mejorar la actual política criminal y hacer más eficaz el Derecho Penal en Chile

Stable water isotopes of precipitation and firn cores from the northern Antarctic Peninsula region as a proxy for climate reconstruction

In order to investigate the climate variability in the northern Antarctic Peninsula region, this paper focuses on the relationship between stable isotope content of precipitation and firn, and main meteorological variables (air temperature, relative humidity, sea surface temperature, and sea ice extent). Between 2008 and 2010, we collected precipitation samples and retrieved firn cores from several key sites in this region. We conclude that the deuterium excess oscillation represents a robust indicator of the meteorological variability on a seasonal to sub-seasonal scale. Low absolute deuterium excess values and the synchronous variation of both deuterium excess and air temperature imply that the evaporation of moisture occurs in the adjacent Southern Ocean. The δ<sup>18</sup>O-air temperature relationship is complicated and significant only at a (multi)seasonal scale. Backward trajectory calculations show that air-parcels arriving at the region during precipitation events predominantly originate at the South Pacific Ocean and Bellingshausen Sea. These investigations will be used as a calibration for ongoing and future research in the area, suggesting that appropriate locations for future ice core research are located above 600 m a.s.l. We selected the Plateau Laclavere, Antarctic Peninsula as the most promising site for a deeper drilling campaign

Recent climate variability at the Antarctic Peninsula and coastal Dronning Maud Land, based on stable water isotope data

The Antarctic Peninsula (AP) is a hotspot of the recent climate instability of the Antarctic Continent. The highest warming trends are observed at north (Esperanza station +0.4°C decade-1) and the west (+0.6°C decade-1) of AP. On the other hand, the interior of the continent and most of coastal East Antarctica does not show any clear warming (cooling) trend. Only isolated spots of warming and cooling around the coastal areas are detected. In this thesis, the recent climate variability of two coastal regions of Antarctica is investigated. This study is mainly based on the analysis of stables water isotope of firn cores and precipitation samples from these regions. First, the northern Antarctic Peninsula and the George Island (South Shetland Islands) are investigated. From the combined isotope composition of precipitation and a backward trajectories model, it was found that the precipitation at this region originates mainly from the South Pacific sector (warmer) and the Amundsen-Bellingshausen Sea (colder). From a firn core retrieved at the AP divide (Plateau Laclavere), a first accumulation rate (2350 kg m-2 a-1) has been derived for this unexplored region. The stable water isotope composition of firn cores shows a statistically significant correlation with air temperature (T air), and to relative humidity and sea ice conditions at the nearby Amundsen-Bellingshausen Sea. Moreover, a marked correlation is found between the isotope composition and the Southern Annular Mode (SAM). Hence, SAM is the principal mode of the climate variability on the region in a sub-annual to inter-annual time scale, as observed from the time series analysis of meteorological data and form long ice core records (Gomez Plateau). The second area investigated is located in coastal Dronning Maud Land (DML), East Antarctica. DML shows no T air trends for the last 20 years from meteorological records. The stable water isotope composition of four cores from the hinterland and one core from Ekströmisen, expand the meteorological record back to ~1892 AD. From these records no significant trend is observed from the δ18O time series since 1960. According, no temporal changes of the accumulation rates are observed, which strongly vary from the coast (360 kg m-2 a-1) to the hinterland (1260 kg m-2 a-1). In contrary to AP no consistent correlation are found between SAM and long isotope records, and only sporadic periods (e.g.: 1970-2000) of statistically significant correlations occurs between SAM and δ18O (T air). Moreover, the strongest SAM and δ18O (T air) correlation are found for the summer season. The recent climate variability of coastal Antarctica is clearly modulated by the major climate mode (SAM and ENSO), however both records for both DML and the AP are too short to reflect a reliable climatic picture of the post-industrial era. Therefore we propose two new localities for coring campaigns aiming to retrieve a medium depth (150-200 m ice) core in AP (Plateau Laclavere) and a medium to depth (>300 m) at DML (Halvfarryggen)

Perturbaciones en el registro de isótopos estables de agua en la plataforma de hielo Ronne, Antártida Occidental

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Hydro-Geochemical Water Inputs Identification in Glacierized Basin Hydrology

Mining activities are usually placed in the upper basin regions, especially in developing countries, with economies that strongly rely on natural commodities. Although glaciers do not occupy a large area of these mountain ranges, they deliver vital water for downstream populations. This is especially relevant during drought periods, when winter precipitation is strongly diminished and ice melt becomes relevant. They are also a key resource for highland wetland ecosystems and paradoxically at the same time for the development of mega-mining projects. Regularly, for environmental impact assessments and relevant public consultations, it will be stated that water from glaciers does not constitute an important source within the basin system, even though this has not been accurately quantified. Different water sources, given by spatial, geological, and hydrological features, can be identified using a combination of ionic and isotopic information from water, thus allowing to establish their proportions downstream, where water from different origins is mixed, and also to track their evolution over seasons. This approach should be useful especially for basins with strong pressures for the exploitation and consumption of water in mountainous basins and also with special relevance for basins with little or no knowledge of their water system and reservoirs

Derechos sexuales y reproductivos de la mujer en la agenda 2030: un análisis a nivel internacional de las Naciones Unidas, Unión Europea y Latinoamérica

La presente memoria tiene como objeto abordar los objetivos de desarrollo sostenible 3 y 5 de la Agenda 2030 en cuanto a los Derechos Sexuales y Reproductivos de las mujeres, haciendo un análisis a su aplicación y efectividad en tres niveles distintos. En primer lugar, cómo opera la Organización de las Naciones Unidas siendo el organismo que plantea los lineamientos y metas que deben seguir y cumplir sus países miembros y del que también surgen los instrumentos que consagran estos derechos en el sistema internacional de derechos humanos. En segundo lugar, la Unión Europea que representa una unidad territorial que cuenta con su propia institucionalidad y mecanismos para garantizar estos derechos y, por último, a Latinoamérica y el Caribe considerada como un continente que posee raíces culturales comunes pero que a nivel local tiene un desarrollo heterogéneo en cuanto al ejercicio efectivo de los derechos sexuales y reproductivos de las mujeres. Para abordar cada nivel, primero se analiza a la agenda 2030 y su naturaleza jurídica, para luego revisar los distintos instrumentos internacionales y normativas que se aplican en los distintos niveles, las organizaciones internacionales que hacen posible la protección de estos derechos en estos territorios, y las distintas realidades que se viven en las regiones en estudio, mediante la revisión de informes y bibliografía respecto al desarrollo de estos derechos y de salud sexual y reproductiva. Por último, se hace un análisis comparado de los procesos de despenalización del aborto en Chile, Argentina y Uruguay. Mediante esta memoria se busca evidenciar la transversalidad de la desigualdad de género que sufren las mujeres en el ámbito de su salud sexual y reproductiva y la dificultad para el pleno goce de estos derechosVersión original del auto

Control público de las asociaciones deportivas de fútbol en Chile: ANFP y SADP

La presente investigación analizará el control judicial, control administrativo y el control interno o doméstico de parte de organismos como los tribunales de justicia, instituciones públicas o incluso internas de la administración y gestión de las Asociaciones Deportivas de Fútbol Profesional en Chile, analizando primeramente cuales son los organismos a los cuales les corresponde el control, ya sea de la Asociación Nacional de Fútbol Profesional como también de las Sociedades Anónimas de Fútbol Profesional, sus atribuciones, los tipos y mecanismos de control, la naturaleza jurídica del control, el alcance de este, como también la jurisprudencia relativa a los distintos casos, para finalmente terminar con el análisis de los próximos desafíos en esta materia como también en posibles solucionesVersión original del auto

Environmental and climate dynamics in northeastern Siberia according to diatom oxygen isotopes

The sedimentary sequence from Lake Emanda (65°17′N; 135°45′E; 675 m a.s.l), one large freshwater body (33.1 km2) in the continuous permafrost of the Verkhoyansk Mountains, has been investigated within the German-Russian ‘Paleolimnological Transect’ (PLOT) project. It provided important insight into the environmental and climate dynamics in northeastern Siberia