Monetary aggregates in Pakistan: theoretical and empirical underpinnings

The objective of this study is to analyze theoretical as well as empirical soundness of the current monetary aggregates (M2) and to propose a broader monetary aggregate (M3), by exploring the functional characteristics and empirical relevance of financial assets. We used annual time series data from FY76 to FY03 and employed both the functional and empirical (F-M dual criteria) approaches. The results indicate that current monetary aggregates seemed to have been defined more on functional considerations compared to the empirical evidence. The analysis of new set of financial assets suggests that, while the various savings schemes individually as well as in aggregate were able to meet F-M dual criteria, deposits of NBFIs failed to satisfy this criteria. However, the functional considerations suggest that these deposits should, nevertheless, be included in a broader definition of monetary aggregates (M3).Monetary Aggregates, Pakistan

Health Care Service for International Students in Turku

This study looked at the problems that international students have getting medical care in Turku, Finland, especially when they try to make appointments. Language barriers, regional differences, and complicated procedures make it harder for people to get care quickly. Service design techniques, such as Customer Journey Mapping, were used to identify these problems and find solutions. By utilizing service design tools like Customer Journey Mapping, this study visualized the entire service experience for the students. Key findings showed that to improve the user experience and cut down on wait times, there needs to be help in more than one language, easier booking processes, and platforms that are driven by technology. Workshops and qualitative research showed that the current method is not fully inclusive or efficient enough. This study also provided guidance to students on how to navigate the healthcare system of Turku, Finland

Proposition of Augmenting V2X Roadside Unit to Enhance Cooperative Awareness of Heterogeneously Connected Road Users

Intelligent transportation and autonomous mobility solutions rely on cooperative awareness developed by exchanging proximity and mobility data among road users. To maintain pervasive awareness on roads, all vehicles and vulnerable road users must be identified, either cooperatively, where road users equipped with wireless capabilities of Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) radios can communicate with one another, or passively, where users without V2X capabilities are detected by means other than V2X communications. This necessitates the establishment of a communications channel among all V2X-enabled road users, regardless of whether their underlying V2X technology is compatible or not. At the same time, for cooperative awareness to realize its full potential, non-V2X-enabled road users must also be communicated with where possible or, leastwise, be identified passively. However, the question is whether current V2X technologies can provide such a welcoming heterogeneous road environment for all parties, including varying V2X-enabled and non-V2X-enabled road users? This paper investigates the roles of a propositional concept named Augmenting V2X Roadside Unit (A-RSU) in enabling heterogeneous vehicular networks to support and benefit from pervasive cooperative awareness. To this end, this paper explores the efficacy of A-RSU in establishing pervasive cooperative awareness and investigates the capabilities of the available communication networks using secondary data. The primary findings suggest that A-RSU is a viable solution for accommodating all types of road users regardless of their V2X capabilities.Comment: 13 page

EXTENSION MEDIA CONTACT BY THE URBAN PEOPLE IN RECEIVING GARDENING INFORMATION

A Thesis Submitted to Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture. Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka- In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTERS OF SCIENCE (MS) IN AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION & INFORMATION SYSTEMThis study aimed to determine the extension media contact of the rooftop/balcony gardeners for receiving gardening information and explore the relationship of the selected characteristics of the gardeners with their extension media contact. Data were collected from 108 rooftop/balcony gardeners of two wards (40 & 41) of Sher-e-Bangla Nagar Thana under Dhaka North City Corporation during the period from January 10, 2023, to February 10, 2023. Descriptive statistics, including mean, standard deviation, range, and percentage were used for data analysis. Person’s Product Moment correlation analysis was conducted to examine the relationship between gardeners' characteristics and their extension media contact for receiving gardening information. The findings revealed that the majority 58.4% of the rooftop/balcony gardeners had medium extension media contact for receiving gardening information, while 29.6% had low, and 12% had high extension media contact for receiving gardening information. According to descending order of the Standardized Media Contact Index (SMCI), 'YouTube' ranked 1 st followed by 'Facebook', 'Television', 'Internet', 'Nursery Owners', 'Friends/Relatives/ Neighbors', 'Agriculture/Tree Fair', 'Newspaper', 'Leaflet/Booklet/ Magazine', 'Agricultural Extension Agents', 'Agricultural Researchers/Academicians', and 'Radio.' Correlation results revealed that family size, crop diversification, gardening experience, time spend in gardening, and knowledge on gardening of the gardeners had significant positive relationship with their extension media contact for receiving gardening information. Above half (50.93%) of the gardeners faced medium problems in rooftop/balcony gardening, compared to 37.96% of gardeners faced low problems in rooftop/balcony gardening, while 11.11% faced severe problems in rooftop/balcony gardening. Based on the Standardized Problem Faced Index (SPFI), 'lack of space' ranked 1st, followed by 'lack of seed/seedling', 'lack of good quality fertile soil', 'high input cost', 'lack of labor', 'lower yield', 'higher insect attack', 'lack of proper knowledge of rooftop/balcony gardening', 'higher disease attack', 'higher mortality rate', 'lack of organic fertilizers', 'lack of pesticides', and 'lack of irrigation facilities'. The study recommends that relevant organizations such as the Department of Agricultural Extension (DAE), Horticultural Center, Metropolitan Agriculture Office, and relevant NGOs should increase their contact with the urban gardeners to increase their extension media contact for receiving gardening information

Upaya Peningkatan Minat Belajar IPAS Siswa Kelas IV Melalui Media Flashcard Berbasis Kearifan Lokal

This study aims to explain the application of learning through flashcard learning media based on local wisdom can increase student interest in learning which has a direct effect on student learning outcomes in IPAS class IV material on cultural diversity in Indonesia at SDN 1 Dawuhan, Trenggalek District. Problems that are often encountered in learning activities where the low enthusiasm of students in participating in learning is due to the learning process packaged by teachers is less innovative and varied, so this is the background for researchers to design learning media that can solve these problems. The local wisdom-based flashcard learning media is expected to be able to increase student interest in participating in IPAS learning activities and provide space for students at SDN 1 Dawuhan to be more active, and willing to cooperate with others. The type of research conducted by researchers is the Kemmis & McTaggart model of Classroom Action Research. The stages in this study were carried out in two cycles divided into 4 meetings. The subjects in this study were fourth grade students of SDN 1 SDN 1 Dawuhan, Trenggalek District, totaling 10 students. The increase in student interest in learning is indicated by an increase in student learning outcomes in IPAS learning material on cultural diversity through local wisdom-based flashcard learning media seen from the percentage of learning completeness in cycle I of 60%, while the percentage of learning completeness in cycle II rose to 90%. Keywords: Flashcard; Local Wisdom; Interest in Learning; IPAS

Monetary aggregates in Pakistan: theoretical and empirical underpinnings

The objective of this study is to analyze theoretical as well as empirical soundness of the current monetary aggregates (M2) and to propose a broader monetary aggregate (M3), by exploring the functional characteristics and empirical relevance of financial assets. We used annual time series data from FY76 to FY03 and employed both the functional and empirical (F-M dual criteria) approaches. The results indicate that current monetary aggregates seemed to have been defined more on functional considerations compared to the empirical evidence. The analysis of new set of financial assets suggests that, while the various savings schemes individually as well as in aggregate were able to meet F-M dual criteria, deposits of NBFIs failed to satisfy this criteria. However, the functional considerations suggest that these deposits should, nevertheless, be included in a broader definition of monetary aggregates (M3)