Hydrogen bonding interactions of benzylidene type Schiff bases studied by vibrational spectroscopic and computational methods

The structural features of four benzylidene type Schiff bases [(E)-benzaldehyde-N-phenyl imine, (A) (E)-2-hydroxybenzaldehyde-N-phenyl imine (B) (E)-benzaldehyde-N-2-hydroxyphenyl imine (C) (E)-2-hydroxybenzaldehyde-N-2-hydroxyphenyl imine (D)] were studied by FT-IR spectroscopy in solution, photoacoustic and Raman spectroscopies in the solid state and quantum chemical calculations. It was found that molecule D dimerised in the solid state with concomitant loss of aromaticity in the benzylidene ring. Beside the intermolecular C=O...HO hydrogen bonds, intramolecular N-H...C=O hydrogen bonds could be found experimentally as well as computationally. Spectra taken in solution and ab initio quantum chemical calculation helped to identify hydrogen bonding interactions occurring for compounds B and C. Intramolecular OH...N hydrogen bond predominated in molecule B, while this interaction, although it existed, was weaker

Guidelines for making learning spaces Children inclusion in space design to create learning spaces for the future

Flere og flere mennesker verden rundt har idag tilgang til utdanning, men lav utdanningskvalitet er fortsatt et stort problem. Derfor har FN inkludert God Utdanning som et av deres bærekraftsmål. God utdanning er en menneskerettighet. God utdanning dekker tilgang til utdannelse, inkludering, trygghet, alders-tilrettelagt utvikling for barn, tilstrekkelig med læringsmateriell og mangfold. Mange organisasjoner har som mål å gi god utdannelse til barn. Denne masteroppgaven utforsker hva god utdannelse betyr og hvordan plasser for læring burde utformes. Hvilke funksjoner trenger plasser for læring å ha for å takle fremtidens utfordringer? En hovedtilnærming i oppgaven har vært å undersøke ulike perspektiver som påvirker utdannelse av barn. Disse perspektivene skaper et bilde på hvordan kvalitet til utdanning påvirker barns fremgang og deres evne til å lære og vokse. Oppgaven avslører også andre viktige aspekter ved utdanning. I denne oppgaven ble det utviklet en prosess som bruker metoder og verktøy for å inkludere barn og interessenter til å lage nye plasser for læring. Formatet på denne prosessen er presentert som en prosjektplan. Å inkludere lokalsamfunnet og barnas ønsker og behov sikrer eierskap og ansvar overfor nye plasser for læring. I tillegg til en prosjektplan er det utviklet seks veiledende prinsipper for utforming av plasser for læring. De veiledende prinsippene er et nyttig verktøy for å sikre god utdannelse ved å skape bedre plasser for læring.More and more people across the world have access to education but low quality of education continues to be a major concern. Therefore, the United Nations included Quality Education as one of their Sustainable Development Goals. Quality education is a human right. Quality education covers access to education as well as, inclusiveness, safety, age appropriate development of children, sufficient learning materials, and diversity. Many organisations have the goal to provide quality education to children. This thesis investigates what quality education means and how learning spaces should to be designed. Which features do learning spaces need to meet future challenges? Researching different perspectives that influence education and children has been a main approach to the topic. These perspectives create a picture of how the quality of education influences childrens´ progress and their ability to learn and grow. In addition, the findings of the research reveal the important aspects of education. In this thesis, a process was developed that uses methods and tools to include children and stakeholders into the making of new learning spaces. The format of this process is presented as a project plan. Including the wants and needs of the children and local community secures ownership and responsibility towards new learning spaces. In addition to a project plan, six guiding principles for learning space design have been developed. The guiding principles are a helpful tool to ensure higher quality education through creating better learning spaces

4′-Fluoro-2′-hydroxy­acetophenone

The title compound, C8H7FO2, crystallizes as discrete mol­ecules, the conformation of which may be influenced by an intra­molecular hydr­oxy–carbonyl O—H⋯O hydrogen bond

3,5-Dichloro­salicylaldehyde

The title compound (systematic name: 3,5-dichloro-2-hydroxy­benzaldehyde), C7H4Cl2O2, crystallizes as discrete mol­ecules, the conformation of which may be influenced by an intra­molecular hydr­oxy–carbonyl O—H⋯O hydrogen bond

Electron-topological, energetic and π-electron delocalization analysis of ketoenamine-enolimine tautomeric equilibrium

The ketoenamine-enolimine tautometic equilibrium has been studied by the analysis of aromaticity and electron-topological parameters. The influence of substituents on the energy of the transition state and of the tautomeric forms has been investigated for different positions of chelate chain. The quantum theory of atoms in molecules method (QTAIM) has been applied to study changes in the electron-topological parameters of the molecule with respect to the tautomeric equilibrium in intramolecular hydrogen bond. Dependencies of the HOMA aromaticity index and electron density at the critical points defining aromaticity and electronic state of the chelate chain on the transition state (TS), OH and HN tautomeric forms have been obtained

CO₂ laser dye patterning for textile design and apparel manufacture

Digital dyeing technique, described as ‘Digital Laser Dyeing’ (DLD) was studied in this research using CO2 laser technology, synthetic textiles, workshop coloration methods and industry standard dyes and dyeing procedures. Laser beam energy was used as an image creation tool to modify surface fibres with graphic patterns and coloured dyed effects through a Computer Aided Design (CAD) approach. The research was supported by a textile design perspective in order to explore the creative potential of DLD methods for textile processing, fabric finishing, fashion design and apparel manufacture. Combined technical and scientific inquiry ensured experimental rigor in terms of the repeatable methods employed and reliable results achieved using an energy density (J/cm2) approach. Outcomes of the study identified CO2 laser-dye patterning as an innovative alternative textile coloration approach and dye on demand manufacturing process relevant to textile and clothing production. Explorations with polyester/elastane sportswear and intimate garments in this study suggest a potential sector for the development of on demand processing for synthetic textiles and clothing

Digital laser-dyeing for polyester fabrics

Surface polyester fibers modified by laser beam energy have been found to display improved dye uptake (Lau et al. 1997; Kamel et al. 2012; Shahidi et al. 2013). This research considers “laser-dye” patterning as an alternative coloration method within a textile design context. In this study, standardized polyester (PET) knitted jersey and plain, woven fabrics were modified with CO2 laser technology to engineer dye onto the fabric with high-resolution graphics. The work considered the aesthetic possibilities, production opportunities, and environmental potential of the process compared to traditional and existing surface design techniques. Laser-dyed patterns were generated by a digital dyeing technique involving CAD, laser technology, and dye practices to facilitate textile coloration and patterning. An understanding of energy density was used to define the tone of a dye in terms of color depth in relation to the cloth. In so doing, a system for calibrating levels of color against laser energy in order to build a tonal image was found. Central to the investigation was the consideration of the laser beam spot as a dots-per-inch tool, drawing on the principles used in digital printing processes. It was therefore possible to utilize the beam as an image-making instrument for modifying textile fibers with controlled laser energy. Quantitative analysis of the outcomes alongside creative exploration facilitated both a tacit understanding of, and ability to control, processing parameters. This enabled repeatability of results parallel to design development and has established the potential to apply the technique commercially. Sportswear prototypes produced in the study suggest a suitable market for processing polyester garments in this way

Di-n-butyl 4,4′-dihy­droxy-3,3′-{[(3aRS,7aRS)-2,3,3a,4,5,6,7,7a-octa­hydro-1H-1,3-benzimidazole-1,3-di­yl]bis­(methyl­ene)}dibenzoate

The complete molecule of the title compound, C31H42N2O6, is generated by crystallographic twofold symmetry, with one C atom lying on the axis. The dihedral angle between the aromatic rings is 57.03 (6)°. The central heterocyclic ring adopts a half-chair conformation. The mol­ecular conformation is stabilized by two intra­molecular O—H⋯N hydrogen bonds with the N atoms of the heterocyclic ring as the acceptors. In the crystal, mol­ecules are linked into chains along the c axis by non-classical C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds

2,2′-[Imidazolidine-1,3-diylbis(methyl­ene)]diphenol

In the title mol­ecule, C17H20N2O2, the imidazolidine ring adopts a twist conformation. The mean plane through the five atoms of the imidazolidine ring makes dihedral angles of 70.18 (4) and 74.14 (4)° with the planes of the two aromatic rings. The dihedral angle between the benzene rings is 53.11 (5)°. Both phenol –OH groups form intra­molecular hydrogen bonds to the N atoms, with graph-set motif S(6). In the crystal, pairs of O—H⋯O hydrogen bonds link the mol­ecules into dimers with R 4 4(18) ring motifs. The crystal packing is further stabilized by C—H⋯O and weak C—H⋯π inter­actions