Etat des lieux de l\u27offre de musique numérique au deuxième semestre de l\u27année 2009

L’étude effectuée par l’Observatoire de la musique à partir d’un échantillon de 100 services en ligne, sélectionnés en fonction de leur représentativité dans le paysage Internet français, leur degré d’innovation ou leur singularité. Cet échantillon témoigne de la grande diversité d’opérateurs intervenant dans la distribution et la diffusion de contenus musicaux, tout en prenant compte des récentes suppressions et des nouveaux services apparus dans ce domain

Etat des lieux de l\u27offre de musique numérique au premier semestre de l\u27année 2009

L’étude effectuée par l’Observatoire de la musique à partir d’un échantillon de 100 services en ligne, sélectionnés en fonction de leur représentativité dans le paysage Internet français, leur degré d’innovation ou leur singularité. Cet échantillon témoigne de la grande diversité d’opérateurs intervenant dans la distribution et la diffusion de contenus musicaux, tout en prenant compte des récentes suppressions et des nouveaux services apparus dans ce domaine

Etat des lieux de l\u27offre de musique numérique en janvier 2009

L’étude effectuée par l’Observatoire de la musique à partir d’un échantillon de 100 services en ligne, sélectionnés en fonction de leur représentativité dans le paysage Internet français, leur degré d’innovation ou leur singularité. Cet échantillon témoigne de la grande diversité d’opérateurs intervenant dans la distribution et la diffusion de contenus musicaux, tout en prenant compte des récentes suppressions et des nouveaux services apparus dans ce domaine

Etat des lieux de l\u27offre de musique numérique au premier semestre de l\u27année 2010

L’étude effectuée par l’Observatoire de la musique à partir d’un échantillon de 100 services en ligne, sélectionnés en fonction de leur représentativité dans le paysage Internet français, leur degré d’innovation ou leur singularité. Cet échantillon témoigne de la grande diversité d’opérateurs intervenant dans la distribution et la diffusion de contenus musicaux, tout en prenant compte des récentes suppressions et des nouveaux services apparus dans ce domaine

Etat des lieux de l\u27offre de musique numérique au premier semestre de l\u27année 2008

L’étude effectuée par l’Observatoire de la musique à partir d’un échantillon de 100 services en ligne, sélectionnés en fonction de leur représentativité dans le paysage Internet français, leur degré d’innovation ou leur singularité. Cet échantillon témoigne de la grande diversité d’opérateurs intervenant dans la distribution et la diffusion de contenus musicaux, tout en prenant compte des récentes suppressions et des nouveaux services apparus dans ce domaine

RIPK1 protects from TNF-α-mediated liver damage during hepatitis

Cell death of hepatocytes is a prominent characteristic in the pathogenesis of liver disease, while hepatolysis is a starting point of inflammation in hepatitis and loss of hepatic function. However, the precise molecular mechanisms of hepatocyte cell death, the role of the cytokines of hepatic microenvironment and the involvement of intracellular kinases, remain unclear. Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) is a key cytokine involved in cell death or survival pathways and the role of RIPK1 has been associated to the TNF-alpha-dependent signaling pathway. We took advantage of two different deficient mouse lines, the RIPK1 kinase dead knock-in mice (Ripk1K45A) and the conditional knockout mice lacking RIPK1 only in liver parenchymal cells (Ripk1LPC-KO), to characterize the role of RIPK1 and TNF-alpha in hepatitis induced by concanavalin A (ConA). Our results show that RIPK1 is dispensable for liver homeostasis under steady-state conditions but in contrast, RIPK1 kinase activity contributes to caspase-independent cell death induction following ConA injection and RIPK1 also serves as a scaffold, protecting hepatocytes from massive apoptotic cell death in this model. In the Ripk1LPC-KO mice challenged with ConA, TNF-alpha triggers apoptosis, responsible for the observed severe hepatitis. Mechanism potentially involves both TNF-independent canonical NF-kappa B activation, as well as TNF-dependent, but canonical NF-kappa B-independent mechanisms. In conclusion, our results suggest that RIPK1 kinase activity is a pertinent therapeutic target to protect liver against excessive cell death in liver diseases

Research in the M.S.W. Curriculum: Correlates of an Effects on Student Attitudes and Knowledge

To determine the effect of graduate social work research courses on student research knowledge and attitudes towards research and to find predictors of these, two groups of social work students—one tested prior to and another tested following their social work research courses—were measured on several antecedent variables and on a test of research knowledge, attitude and interest in research as a career. Having an undergraduate major in psychology was predictive of high research knowledge and having had prior research work experience was indicative of a positive attitude towards research. Post-research course students demonstrated greater knowledge of research and a stronger interest in research as a career than Pre-research students. Attitudes towards research were not different between groups however the Research group expressed a less favourable attitude towards research in teh field placement and the introductory research course than the Pre-research students. The findings were interpreted as indicating that the research courses had an effect of increasing the research knowledge and interest in research as a career of social work students exposed to the courses in spite of some dissatisfaction with elements of the research courses

A robust SNP barcode for typing Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex strains

Strain-specific genomic diversity in the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) is an important factor in pathogenesis that may affect virulence, transmissibility, host response and emergence of drug resistance. Several systems have been proposed to classify MTBC strains into distinct lineages and families. Here, we investigate single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) as robust (stable) markers of genetic variation for phylogenetic analysis. We identify ~92k SNP across a global collection of 1,601 genomes. The SNP-based phylogeny is consistent with the gold-standard regions of difference (RD) classification system. Of the ~7k strain-specific SNPs identified, 62 markers are proposed to discriminate known circulating strains. This SNP-based barcode is the first to cover all main lineages, and classifies a greater number of sublineages than current alternatives. It may be used to classify clinical isolates to evaluate tools to control the disease, including therapeutics and vaccines whose effectiveness may vary by strain type

DNA repair systems and the pathogenesis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis: varying activities at different stages of infection

Mycobacteria, including most of all MTB (Mycobacterium tuberculosis), cause pathogenic infections in humans and, during the infectious process, are exposed to a range of environmental insults, including the host's immune response. From the moment MTB is exhaled by infected individuals, through an active and latent phase in the body of the new host, until the time they reach the reactivation stage, MTB is exposed to many types of DNA-damaging agents. Like all cellular organisms, MTB has efficient DNA repair systems, and these are believed to play essential roles in mycobacterial pathogenesis. As different stages of infection have great variation in the conditions in which mycobacteria reside, it is possible that different repair systems are essential for progression to specific phases of infection. MTB possesses homologues of DNA repair systems that are found widely in other species of bacteria, such as nucleotide excision repair, base excision repair and repair by homologous recombination. MTB also possesses a system for non-homologous end-joining of DNA breaks, which appears to be widespread in prokaryotes, although its presence is sporadic within different species within a genus. However, MTB does not possess homologues of the typical mismatch repair system that is found in most bacteria. Recent studies have demonstrated that DNA repair genes are expressed differentially at each stage of infection. In the present review, we focus on different DNA repair systems from mycobacteria and identify questions that remain in our understanding of how these systems have an impact upon the infection processes of these important pathogens

Mapping of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Complex Genetic Diversity Profiles in Tanzania and Other African Countries

The aim of this study was to assess and characterize Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) genotypic diversity in Tanzania, as well as in neighbouring East and other several African countries. We used spoligotyping to identify a total of 293 M. tuberculosis clinical isolates (one isolate per patient) collected in the Bunda, Dar es Salaam, Ngorongoro and Serengeti areas in Tanzania. The results were compared with results in the SITVIT2 international database of the Pasteur Institute of Guadeloupe. Genotyping and phylogeographical analyses highlighted the predominance of the CAS, T, EAI, and LAM MTBC lineages in Tanzania. The three most frequent Spoligotype International Types (SITs) were: SIT21/CAS1-Kili (n = 76; 25.94%), SIT59/LAM11-ZWE (n = 22; 7.51%), and SIT126/EAI5 tentatively reclassified as EAI3-TZA (n = 18; 6.14%). Furthermore, three SITs were newly created in this study (SIT4056/EAI5 n = 2, SIT4057/T1 n = 1, and SIT4058/EAI5 n = 1). We noted that the East-African-Indian (EAI) lineage was more predominant in Bunda, the Manu lineage was more common among strains isolated in Ngorongoro, and the Central-Asian (CAS) lineage was more predominant in Dar es Salaam (p-value<0.0001). No statistically significant differences were noted when comparing HIV status of patients vs. major lineages (p-value = 0.103). However, when grouping lineages as Principal Genetic Groups (PGG), we noticed that PGG2/3 group (Haarlem, LAM, S, T, and X) was more associated with HIV-positive patients as compared to PGG1 group (Beijing, CAS, EAI, and Manu) (p-value = 0.03). This study provided mapping of MTBC genetic diversity in Tanzania (containing information on isolates from different cities) and neighbouring East African and other several African countries highlighting differences as regards to MTBC genotypic distribution between Tanzania and other African countries. This work also allowed underlining of spoligotyping patterns tentatively grouped within the newly designated EAI3-TZA lineage (remarkable by absence of spacers 2 and 3, and represented by SIT126) which seems to be specific to Tanzania. However, further genotyping information would be needed to confirm this specificity