Polska prezydencja w Radzie Unii Europejskiej (sukcesy i porażki)

The purpose of this study is to attempt to show the positive and negative, or favorable and unfavorable, preconditions of the Polish presidency and its assessment. The main proposition is that the presidency was an unprecedented event in Polish history and has had a significant social, political, cultural, economic and international impact, while its consequences will continue to be felt for a long time. The Polish presidency, like all EU presidencies, stirred considerable emotions and its outcomes have already produced divergent opinions among experts, researchers and politicians. It is still too early to present an exhaustive and objective assessment of the presidency, but this does not mean that it cannot be analyzed, examined or have conclusions drawn from it. The author tries to present that despite some negative preconditions that did not encourage the Polish presidency, and the absence of any spectacular successes, the assessment of the Polish presidency has been positive, and Poland deserves both credit and distinction for passing such a stern test despite lacking in experience and facing numerous difficulties. The author also tries to show that the Polish presidency was calm and focused on seeking understanding and compromise; and that it was better than the Czech or Hungarian presidencies. It is unfortunate that the global media were relatively uninterested in the Polish leadership of the Council, which was consequently overshadowed by such events as the crisis in the euro zone, the financial and economic tragedy in Greece, the Arab Spring, and the parliamentary elections in Poland and in Russia.The purpose of this study is to attempt to show the positive and negative, or favorable and unfavorable, preconditions of the Polish presidency and its assessment. The main proposition is that the presidency was an unprecedented event in Polish history and has had a significant social, political, cultural, economic and international impact, while its consequences will continue to be felt for a long time. The Polish presidency, like all EU presidencies, stirred considerable emotions and its outcomes have already produced divergent opinions among experts, researchers and politicians. It is still too early to present an exhaustive and objective assessment of the presidency, but this does not mean that it cannot be analyzed, examined or have conclusions drawn from it. The author tries to present that despite some negative preconditions that did not encourage the Polish presidency, and the absence of any spectacular successes, the assessment of the Polish presidency has been positive, and Poland deserves both credit and distinction for passing such a stern test despite lacking in experience and facing numerous difficulties. The author also tries to show that the Polish presidency was calm and focused on seeking understanding and compromise; and that it was better than the Czech or Hungarian presidencies. It is unfortunate that the global media were relatively uninterested in the Polish leadership of the Council, which was consequently overshadowed by such events as the crisis in the euro zone, the financial and economic tragedy in Greece, the Arab Spring, and the parliamentary elections in Poland and in Russia

Polska po dziesięciu latach członkostwa w Unii Europejskiej. Próba bilansu (2004–2014)

The purpose of this article is an attempt to show the effects of the Polish accession to the European Union in a wider context of international relations and in the context of the changes that have taken place in the Union in the past decade. So we are dealing here with a specific balance of successes and failures, which Poland suffered during the years 2004–2014.This article shows that after twenty-five years since the beginning of political transformation in Poland, and ten years after the accession to the European Union, there is no doubt that our membership in this specific, integrated voluntary association of sovereign states in Europe was necessary and inevitable. It is also the main thesis of this article. It was the only right solution for Poland, which was due to its geopolitical position and historical experience. Despite earlier fears, it did not hurt our sovereignty and national identity.The author states that membership in the European Union strengthened Polish sovereignty and thrive Polish raison d’etat. It has a positive impact on its development.Celem tego artykułu jest próba pokazania skutków akcesji Polski do Unii Europejskiej na szerszym tle stosunków międzynarodowych i w kontekście zmian, które miały miejsce w Unii w minionym dziesięcioleciu. Mamy więc tutaj do czynienia ze swoistym bilansem sukcesów i porażek, których doznała Polska w latach 2004–2014.Niniejszy artykuł pokazuje, że po dwudziestu pięciu latach od rozpoczęcia transformacji ustrojowej w Polsce i dziesięciu latach od akcesji do Unii Europejskiej nie ulega wątpliwości, że nasze członkostwo w tym specyficznym, dobrowolnie zintegrowanym związku suwerennych państw Europy było konieczne i nieuniknione. Jest to zarazem główna teza niniejszego artykułu. Było to jedyne, właściwe rozwiązanie dla Polski, które wynikało z jej geopolitycznego położenia i historycznych doświadczeń. Wbrew wcześniejszym obawom, nie zaszkodziło naszej suwerenności i tożsamości narodowej.Autor podkreśla, że członkostwo w Unii Europejskiej wzmocniło suwerenność Polski oraz dobrze służy polskiej racji stanu. Wpływa pozytywnie na rozwój gospodarczy Polski oraz umacnia jej prestiż na arenie międzynarodowej

NGF, TrkA-P and neuroprotection after a hypoxic event in the developing central nervous system

A decrease in the concentration of oxygen in the blood and tissues (hypoxia) produces important, sometimes irreversible, damages in the central nervous system (CNS) both during development and also postnatally. The present work aims at analyzing the expression of nerve growth factor (NGF) and p75 and the activation of TrkA in response to an acute normobaric hypoxic event and to evaluate the possible protective role of exogenous NGF. The developing chick optic tectum (OT), a recognized model of corticogenesis, was used as experimental system by means of in vivo and in vitro studies. Based on identification of the period of highest sensitivity of developmental programmed cell death (ED15) we show that hypoxia has a mild but reproducible effect that consist of a temporal increase of cell death 6 h after the end of a hypoxic treatment. Cell death was preceded by a significant early increase in the expression of Nerve Growth Factor (NGF) and its membrane receptor p75. In addition, we found a biphasic response of TrkA activation: a decrease during hypoxia followed by an increase −4 h later- that temporally coincide with the interval of NGF overexpression. To test the NGF - NGF receptors role in hypoxic cell death, we quantified, in primary neuronal cultures derived from ED15 OT, the levels of TrkA activation after an acute hypoxic treatment. A significant decline in the level of TrkA activation was observed during hypoxia followed, 24 h later, by significant cell death. Interestingly, this cell death can be reverted if TrkA inactivation during hypoxia is suppressed by the addition of NGF. Our results suggest that TrkA activation may play an important role in the survival of OT neurons subjected to acute hypoxia. The role of TrkA in neuronal survival after injury may be advantageously used for the generation of neuroprotective strategies to improve prenatal insult outcomes.Fil: Bogetti, María Eugenia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencia "Prof. Eduardo de Robertis". Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Medicina. Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencia; ArgentinaFil: Pozo Devoto, Victorio Martin. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencia "Prof. Eduardo de Robertis". Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Medicina. Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencia; ArgentinaFil: Rapacioli, Melina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Instituto de Neurociencia Cognitiva. Fundación Favaloro. Instituto de Neurociencia Cognitiva; ArgentinaFil: Flores, Domingo Vladimir. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Instituto de Neurociencia Cognitiva. Fundación Favaloro. Instituto de Neurociencia Cognitiva; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencia "Prof. Eduardo de Robertis". Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Medicina. Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencia; ArgentinaFil: Fiszer de Plazas, Sara. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencia "Prof. Eduardo de Robertis". Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Medicina. Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencia; Argentin

An advanced modeling technique for rolling element bearings in elastohydrodynamic field

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Temporal-spatial correlation between angiogenesis and corticogenesis in the developing chick optic tectum

The developing chick optic tectum is a widely used model of corticogenesis and angiogenesis. Cell behaviors involved in corticogenesis and angiogenesis share several regulatory mechanisms. In this way the 3D organizations of both systems adapt to each other. The consensus about the temporally and spatially organized progression of the optic tectum corticogenesis contrasts with the discrepancies about the spatial organization of its vascular bed as a function of the time. In order to find out spatial and temporal correlations between corticogenesis and angiogenesis, several methodological approaches were applied to analyze the dynamic of angiogenesis in the developing chick optic tectum. The present paper shows that a typical sequence of developmental events characterizes the optic tectum angiogenesis. The first phase, formation of the primitive vascular bed, takes place during the early stages of the tectal corticogenesis along which the large efferent neurons appear and begin their early differentiation. The second phase, remodeling and elaboration of the definitive vascular bed, occurs during the increase in complexity associated to the elaboration of the local circuit networks. The present results show that, apart from the well-known influence of the dorsal-ventral and radial axes as reference systems for the spatial organization of optic tectum angiogenesis, the cephalic-caudal axis also exerts a significant asymmetric influence. The term cortico-angiogenesis to describe the entire process is justified by the fact that tight correlations are found between specific corticogenic and angiogenic events and they take place simultaneously at the same position along the cephalic-caudal and radial axes.Fil: Rodriguez Celin, Alejandra Jimena. Universidad Favaloro. Facultad de Medicina. Departamento de Ciencias Bioestructurales. Grupo de Investigación en Biología Teórica; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Rapacioli, Melina. Universidad Favaloro. Facultad de Medicina. Departamento de Ciencias Bioestructurales. Grupo de Investigación en Biología Teórica; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Gonzalez, Mariela Azul. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ingeniería; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Ballarin, Virginia Laura. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ingeniería; ArgentinaFil: Fiszer, Sara. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencia "Prof. Eduardo de Robertis". Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Medicina. Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencia; ArgentinaFil: López, Juan José. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencia "Prof. Eduardo de Robertis". Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Medicina. Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencia; ArgentinaFil: Flores, Domingo Vladimir. Universidad Favaloro. Facultad de Medicina. Departamento de Ciencias Bioestructurales. Grupo de Investigación en Biología Teórica; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencia "Prof. Eduardo de Robertis". Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Medicina. Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencia; Argentin

Assessment of needs, health-related quality of life, and satisfaction with care in breast cancer patients to better target supportive care

Background This study assessed whether breast cancer (BC) patients express similar levels of needs for equivalent severity of symptoms, functioning difficulties, or degrees of satisfaction with care aspects. BC patients who did (or not) report needs in spite of similar difficulties were identified among their sociodemographic or clinical characteristics. Patients and methods Three hundred and eighty-four (73% response rate) BC patients recruited in ambulatory or surgery hospital services completed the European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life questionnaire (EORTC QLQ)-C30 quality of life [health-related quality of life (HRQOL)], the EORTC IN-PATSAT32 (in-patient) or OUT-PATSAT35 (out-patient) satisfaction with care, and the supportive care needs survey short form 34-item (SCNS-SF34) measures. Results HRQOL or satisfaction with care scale scores explained 41%, 45%, 40% and 22% of variance in, respectively, psychological, physical/daily living needs, information/health system, and care/support needs (P < 0.001). BC patients' education level, having children, hospital service attendance, and anxiety/depression levels significantly predicted differences in psychological needs relative to corresponding difficulties (adjusted R2 = 0.11). Medical history and anxiety/depression levels significantly predicted differences in information/health system needs relative to degrees of satisfaction with doctors, nurses, or radiotherapy technicians and general satisfaction (adjusted R2 = 0.12). Unmet needs were most prevalent in the psychological domains across hospital services. Conclusions Assessment of needs, HRQOL, and satisfaction with care highlights the subgroups of BC patients requiring better supportive care targetin

Proces kształtwania statusu Dystryktu Brczko po zakończeniu konfliktu w Bośni i Hercegowinie

The article presents the evolution of the political system of the Brčko District of Bosnia and Herzegovina. This neutral, self‑ governing administrative unit under the sovereignty of Bosnia and Herzegovina was established after an arbitration process undertaken according to the General Framework Agreement for Peace in Bosnia and Herzegovina, known as the Dayton Agreement. A lot of effort was put in order to arrange the organizational framework of the District. The article describes these efforts and discusses the current structure of the political system and the division of powers within the District, including the specifics of the District’s regulations as well as its advantages and disadvantages. In his article the author also presents his views on the efficiency of the implemented organizational solutions as well as the chances for applying the experience gained by the international community and Bosnian politicians in future discussions on the constitutional reform in Bosnia and Herzegovina.Arkadiusz Nyzi

Przegląd najważniejszych badań w dziedzinie epileptologii w 2006 roku

Neurologia jest intensywnie rozwijającą się częścią medycyny; dotyczy to również badań w dziedzinie padaczek. Najistotniejsze, opublikowane w ostatnich latach, badania związane z padaczkami obejmowały następujące zagadnienia: etiopatogenezę schorzenia (zaburzenia rozwojowe kory mózgowej, czynniki immunologiczne i czynniki genetyczne), nowe techniki diagnostyczne (magnetoencefalografia), leczenie farmakologiczne (zalecenia stosowania leków przeciwpadaczkowych, wytwarzanie tolerancji) i przezczaszkową magnetyczną stymulację mózgu oraz problemy kliniczne (depresja, nagłe zgony u osoby z padaczką)

Deep brain stimulation failure due to external cardioversion in a patient with Parkinson's disease

We report a case of deep brain stimulation (DBS) hardware failure due to emergently performed subcutaneous coronary angioplasties complicated by cardioversion for rapid worsening of angina pectoris and some trouble shooting problems emerged after invasive cardiovascular procedures. The patient with prior implantation of permanent pacemaker due to vasovagal syndrome underwent successful left-sided unilateral electrode implantation into the subthalamic nucleus. During 21 months follow-up period the patient experienced 2 times episodes of aggravation of unstable angina pectoris 15 and 21 months respectively, which necessities emergent coronary angioplasties. After the first emergently performed coronary angioplasty with cardioversion the interrogation of DBS system revealed the depletion of an internal pulse generator (IPG). The secondly performed coronary angioplasty complicated by ventricular tachyarrhythmia with DBS system switched on during emergent cardioversion resulted in partial dysfunction of DBS electrode. Patients harboring cardiovascular implantable electronic devices (CIEDs) and DBS systems require special attention and good cooperation of neurosurgeons, interventional cardiologist, and neurologist. Some emergently performed invasive cardiovascular procedures which necessities cardioversion may cause DBS hardware failure with subsequent worsening of movement disorder symptoms