Suomelle uusia kärpäslajeja (Diptera: Brachycera)

Sixteen Diptera Brachycera species are reported as new to Finland based mostly on the material collected by Jari Flinck. Most of these fly species were previously known from neighbouring countries, but the records of Empis (Leptempis) grisea Fallén and Muscina angustifrons (Loew) represent significant range extensions.Non peer reviewe

Kansallinen kirjallisuuskatsaus turvallisesta lääkehoidosta vuosina 2007-2012

Opinnäytetyön tarkoituksena oli kirjallisuuskatsauksen avulla kartoittaa Suomessa viime vuosina julkaistua kotimaista hoitotyön lääkehoitoon liittyvää tutkimustietoa ja ammattilehdissä julkaistua tietoa. Tavoitteena oli saada kattava käsitys kotimaisista lääkehoidon tutkimuksista ja ammattilehtien julkaisemista artikkeleista. Opinnäytetyön tavoitteena oli tuottaa ajankohtaista tietoa tarjolla olevasta hoitotyön lääkehoidon tutkimustiedosta ja ammatillisesta tiedosta. Opinnäytetyössä haettiin tietoa systemaattisesti Medic- ja Melinda- aineistotietokantojen avulla. Laurus- hakua käytettiin myös. Tutkimuksen aineisto käsitti 42 artikkelia. Tähän katsaukseen otettiin mukaan vain ne julkaisut, jotka selkeästi liittyvät hoitotyöhön ja lääkehoitoon, kliinisen lääketieteen piiriin kuuluvat julkaisut jäivät pois. Ikärajana julkaisuille oli viisi vuotta. Aineistoksi kelpuutettiin väitöskirjat, pro gradu -tutkielmat ja artikkelit hoitotyön ammattilehdistä. Aineisto analysoitiin laadullisella sisällönanalyysillä ja luokiteltiin aihepiirien mukaan. Analyysirunkona käytettiin Sosiaali- ja terveysministeriön turvallisen lääkehoito-oppaan kymmentä osa-aluetta. Tulosten mukaan Suomessa on selkeästi panostettu lääkehoidon tutkimiseen ja selvittelyyn viime vuosina. Erityisesti esille nousi huoli hoitohenkilökunnan ja alan opiskelijoiden osaamisesta ja sen varmistamisesta sekä lääkepoikkeamista ja niihin liittyvästä toiminnasta. Yhtenä tärkeänä osana lääkehoidon ja lääkitysturvallisuuden kehittämistä voitiin pitää terveydenhuollon ammattihenkilöiden lääkehoidon osaamisen edistämistä ja riittävää päivittämistä lisä- ja täydennyskoulutuksen sekä itsenäisen opiskelun kautta. Kirjallisuuskatsauksen perusteella vaaratapahtumia aliraportoidaan. Paljon läheltä piti -tapahtumista jää raportoimatta kokonaan ja paljon niistä raportoidaan vain harvoin. Hoitohenkilökuntaa pitäisi rohkaista raportoimaan myös läheltä piti -tilanteet, koska niitä analysoimalla voidaan arvioida mahdollisia virhekohtia ja suunnata toiminnan kehittäminen näihin heikkoihin kohtiin. On selvää, että Sosiaali- terveysministeriön Turvallinen lääkehoito -oppaan myötä on herätty miettimään lääkehoidon prosessia kokonaisuudessaan erityisesti turvallisuuden kannalta. Lääkehoidosta on tällä hetkellä kansallisella tasolla tarjolla varsin hyvin ajankohtaista tietoa ja omaa tietämystään pystyy päivittämään niin halutessaan. Asiasanat: lääkehoito, lääkehoidon prosessi, turvallisuus, lääkehoitosuunnitelma, kirjallisuuskatsaus.A national literature review on safe pharmacotherapy in the years 2007 - 2012 The purpose of the thesis is to review research results about nursing pharmacotherapy and information published in professional magazines in Finland during the last few years. The target was to get a comprehensive overview about domestic pharmacotherapy research and articles in professional magazines. The aim of the thesis was to provide up to date information about available research results in nursing medical treatment. In this thesis information has been searched systematically from Medic and Melinda material databases, also Laurus search was used. The research material included 42 articles. This overview includes only those publications which are clearly related to nursing and pharmacotherapy, publications concerning clinical medicine were excluded. Publications needed to be less than 5 years old. Doctoral dissertations theses, master’s theses and articles in professional magazines were accepted as material. The material was analyzed with quality analysis of contents and was classified by topic. Pharmacotherapy plan of ten sections provided by Ministry of Social affairs and Health was used as a framework of analysis. A clear emphasis on investigating and reviewing medical treatment has been made in the last few years in Finland. Concern about knowledge of nursing staff and students and as well as deviations in medical treatment and related activities. Improving pharmacotherapy knowhow among healthcare professionals as well as adequate further education and training updates and independent studies are an important part of developing pharmacotherapy and medical safety. On the bases of the literature review risk situations are not reported systematically. Quite many of “close calls” cases are not reported at all and many of them are reported more or less occasionally. Health care staff should be encouraged to report “close call” cases as thus errors and weak points could be analysed and those weak areas improved. It is obvious that along with a Guide to safe pharmacotherapy provided by the Ministry of Social affair and Health, interest to review the whole process of pharmacotherapy from a safety point of view in specific has arisen. At the moment there is quite good offering on national level about up to date pharmacotherapy information and a person can update his know-how whenever he so desires. Reference words: pharmacotherapy, process of pharmacotherapy, safety, pharmacotherapy planning, literature revie

IP and ATM - current evolution for integrated services

Current and future applications make use of different technologies as voice, data, and video. Consequently network technologies need to support them. For many years, the ATM based Broadband-ISDN has generally been regarded as the ultimate networking technology, which can integrate voice, data, and video services. With the recent tremendous growth of the Internet and the reluctant deployment of public ATM networks, the future development of ATM seems to be less clear than it used to be. In the past IP provided (and was though to provide) only best effort services, thus, despite its world wide diffution, was not considered as a network solution for multimedia application. Currently many of the IETF working groups work on areas related to integrated services, and IP is also proposing itself as networking technology for supporting voice, data, and video services. This paper give a technical overview on the competing integrated services network solutions, such as IP, ATM and the different available and emerging technologies on how to run IP over ATM, and tries to identify their potential and shortcomings

IP and ATM - a position paper

This paper gives a technical overview of different networking technologies, such as the Internet, ATM. It describes different approaches of how to run IP on top of an ATM network, and assesses their potential to be used as an integrated services network

Original Article

Recovery cycle of the evoked potential in the thalamic nuclei was investigated in 18 adult cats under moderate chloralose-urethane anesthesia. Both concentric bipolar electrode and glass-insulated tungsten microelectrode were used to record the amplitude of mass response or the number of the unit discharge respectively. Stimuli were applied to the peripheral (radial, tibial, peroneal and sural) nerves in the following three different ways : 1) double shocks to a nerve in a extremity, 2) two shocks separately to two different nerve trunks in the same extremity, 3) two shocks separately to two different nerve trunks in the different extremities. It was observed that the time course of the recovery cycle became shorter in the following order : 1) recovery tested by the routine double shock method in the same nerve trunk, 2) recovery tested by the stimuli separately applied to the different nerve trunks in the same extremity, 3) recovery tested by stimuli separately applied to the different nerve trunks in the different extremities. Such an order was also found to exist in the absolute refractoriness. This conclusion is schematically illustrated in Fig. 10 of the text. Different degrees of interference between two responses were discussed from the point of view that they might be attributed to the different overlapping density in the termination of sensory neurons at the thalamus where sensory afferents have some aspect of somatotopic alignment. The relatively long absolute refractoriness was also discussed in the text and might be explained by the thalamic recurrent inhibitory neurons which were proposed by Andersen and others (1962), to which the present observation also gave further confirmation (Fig. 9)

Femoral shaft fractures in children and adolescents; stability, residual deformity and recovery of physical function

Femoral shaft fracture is the most common injury requiring hospital admission among children. The limited number of studies makes it challenging to provide accurate prognosis for recovery after femoral shaft fractures in children and adolescents. Aim: The overall aim of this thesis was to analyse different aspects of femoral shaft fractures in children and adolescents in terms of fracture stability after treatment and presence of residual leg length discrepancy (LLD). Another aim was to study recovery of gait and physical function, and to explore the prevalence of kinesiophobia (fear of movement) and its potential influence on recovery. Methods: The thesis is based on a descriptive approach involving multiple methods. In a biomechanical study, stability was assessed in a synthetic femur model with either two or four elastic intramedullary nails (ESINs) or a Pediatric Locking Nail (PLN). In a retrospective cohort study on adults treated with ESINs during childhood, radiographs were performed for measurement of LLD. A questionnaire regarding perception of LLD was completed. In two prospective longitudinal studies, patients 6–16 years of age with a femoral shaft fracture, treated with intramedullary nails (IMNs), were included. At 6 and 12 weeks, assessments of mobilisation and weight-bearing were performed at clinical follow-ups. At 3, 6, 9 and 12 months, physical examinations of range of motion and physical performance tests (PPTs), including three-dimensional gait analysis, were performed. Patient-reported outcome measures on physical function, kinesiophobia, and catastrophic thoughts were completed at the time of fracture and at follow-up. Results: The biomechanical study showed that a PLN provided greater stability than ESINs, though the difference compared with 2x4.0-mm or 4x3.0-mm ESINs was small. The retrospective cohort study showed that 11 of 35 participants had an LLD of > 10 mm and 24 had an LLD ≤ 10 mm. Fourteen (40%) had perception of LLD at follow-up, of whom eight had a radiographic LLD of 10–24 mm. The prospective longitudinal studies showed that 88% used walking aids at six weeks, and 25% did at twelve weeks. At 3 months, three patients walked slowly and had clear deviations in gait pattern. Gait pattern had normalised in all but one patient at 6 months, and in the remaining patient at 9 months. Seven out of the 17 patients were recovered, meaning that they could accomplish all PPTs at the 12-month follow-up without signs of limb asymmetry. Kinesiophobia was noted in seven patients at the time of injury, two at 3 months, and none at 12 months. Six patients with kinesiophobia reported a reduced activity level at 3 months. Conclusions: The PLN was found to be a more stable construct than ESINs. Treatment with ESINs after femoral shaft fracture in childhood resulted in residual LLD in some patients. Improvements in basic performance tests were observed in the early recovery period, and gait pattern was normalised at the 6-month follow-up among children and adolescents treated with IMNs. Ten of 17 patients treated with IMNs did not recover within 12 months. Kinesiophobia was only observed at the time of injury and had resolved by the 12-month follow-up

A Computational Study of the Surface Orientation Dependence of Tungsten Sputtering

In this thesis, sputtering of several low- and high-index tungsten surface crystal directions are investigated. The molecular dynamics study is conducted using the primary knock-on atom method, which allows for an equal energy deposition for all surface orientations. The energy is introduced into the system on two different depths, on the surface and on a depth of 1 nm. Additionally to the sputtering yield of each surface orientation, the underlying sputtering process is investigated. Amorphous target materials are often used to compare sputtering yields of polycrystalline materials with simulations. Therefore, an amorphous surface is also investigated to compare it's sputtering yield and process with crystalline surface orientations. When the primary knock-on atom was placed on the surface all surface orientations had a cosine shaped angular distribution with little variation in the sputtering yield for most of the surface orientations. Linear collision sequences were observed to have a large impact on the sputtering yield when the energy was introduced deeper inside the material. In these linear collision sequences the recoils are traveling along the most close packed atom rows in the material. The distance from the origin of the collision cascade to the surface in the direction of the most close packed row is therefore crucial for the sputtering yield of the surface. Surface directions with high angles between this direction and the surface normal hence show a reduction in the sputtering yield. The amorphous material had a little lower sputtering yield than the crystalline materials when the primary knock-on atoms was placed on the surface whereas the difference rose into several orders of magnitude when the energy was given at 1 nm. It is impossible for linear collision sequences to propagate long distances in the amorphous material and therefore the angular distribution in both cases is cosine shaped. The amorphous material has no long range order and was therefore unable to reproduce the linear collision sequences, which are characteristic for the crystalline materials. The difference in the sputtering yield was hence up to several orders of magnitude as a result when the energy was introduced at 1 nm depth

Naisia, diktaattoreja, ulkopolitiikkaa: Suomen ja Ruotsin vaikutus Pohjois-Korean naisten oikeuksiin

Tämä lopputyö tutkii Suomen ja Ruotsin tämänhetkisiä ja mahdollisia tulevaisuuden yhteistyötapoja Pohjois-Korean kanssa keskittyen naisten oikeuksiin ja sukupuolten tasa-arvoon. Suomen ja Ruotsin ulkoministeriön edustajien, kansalaisjärjestötyöntekijöiden ja Pohjois-Korean asiantuntijoiden haastattelut paljastavat, miten maat ovat tekemisissä Pohjois-Korean kanssa ja miten naisten oikeuksia ja sukupuolten tasa-arvoa käsitellään tässä kontekstissa. Ensin työssä katsotaan naisten oikeuksien tilannetta Pohjois-Koreassa. Seuraavaksi hahmotellaan Pohjois-Korean ja Pohjoismaiden välistä historiaa, jonka jälkeen käsitellään teoreettisia pohdintoja feminististä ulkopolitiikkaa, ihmisoikeusperustaisuutta, keskivoimaa ja pehmeää voimaa. Tämän jälkeen tutkimustuloksia tarkastellaan ja analysoidaan ennen kuin päätetään laajemmin Suomen ja Ruotsin sitoutumisesta Pohjois-Koreaan sekä sukupuolten tasa-arvon ja naisten oikeuksien maailmanlaajuisen edistämisen tärkeydestäThis thesis studies Finland’s and Sweden’s current and potential future engagement methods with the DPRK by focussing on women’s rights and gender equality. Interviews held with Finnish and Swedish foreign ministry representatives, NGO workers, and experts on North Korea reveal how the two countries engage with North Korea and how women’s rights and gender equality are being addressed in the Northeast Asian context. It will first outline how this research was conducted before introducing some of the most pertinent problems relating to gender equality and women’s right in the DPRK. Next, the histories between North Korea and the two Nordic states is outlined, after which theoretical considerations concerning feminist foreign policy, human-rights based, middlepowermanship, and soft power are discussed. Research findings are then examined and analysed before concluding with further broader examination of Finnish and Swedish engagement with North Korea and the importance of advancing gender equality and women’s rights globally

The interplay between dysregulated ion transport and mitochondrial architecture as a dangerous liaison in cancer

Transport of ions and nutrients is a core mitochondrial function, without which there would be no mitochondrial metabolism and ATP production. Both ion homeostasis and mitochondrial phenotype undergo pervasive changes during cancer development, and both play key roles in driving the malignancy. However, the link between these events has been largely ignored. This review comprehensively summarizes and critically discusses the role of the reciprocal relationship between ion transport and mitochondria in crucial cellular functions, including metabolism, signaling, and cell fate decisions. We focus on Ca2+, H+, and K+, which play essential and highly interconnected roles in mitochondrial function and are profoundly dysregulated in cancer. We describe the transport and roles of these ions in normal mitochondria, summarize the changes occurring during cancer development, and discuss how they might impact tumorigenesis. View Full-Text Keywords: mitochondrial fission; mitochondrial fusion; calcium; pH; potassium; membrane potential; metabolism; apoptosis; cell cycle; metastasi