Raman anemometry, a method for component-selective velocity measurements of particles in a flow

An anemometer for the measurement of the velocity of particles of different substances in a flow, separate and apart from that of the flow itself, is described. The substances are distinguished by Raman scattering. The velocity is obtained by relating the autocorrelated scattering signal to the known laser beam profile

A Raman anemometer for component-selective velocity measurements of particles in a flow

An anemometer for the measurement of the velocity of particles of different components in a flow, separate and apart from that of the flow itself, is described. As a component-selective mechanism Raman scattering is used. The velocity is measured by relating the autocorrelated scattering signal to the known laser beam profile

Rectangular Hierarchical Cartograms for Socio-Economic Data

We present rectangular hierarchical cartograms for mapping socio-economic data. These density-normalising cartograms size spatial units by population, increasing the ease with which data for densely populated areas can be visually resolved compared to more conventional cartographic projections. Their hierarchical nature enables the study of spatial granularity in spatial hierarchies, hierarchical categorical data and multivariate data through false hierarchies. They are space-filling representations that make efficient use of space and their rectangular nature (which aims to be as square as possible) improves the ability to compare the sizes (therefore population) of geographical units. We demonstrate these cartograms by mapping the Office for National Statistics Output Area Classification (OAC) by unit postcode (1.52 million in Great Britain) through the postcode hierarchy, using these to explore spatial variation. We provide rich and detailed spatial summaries of socio-economic characteristics of population as types of treemap, exploring the effects of reconfiguring them to study spatial and non-spatial aspects of the OAC classification

The Parenthood Penalty in Creative Occupations: How the Covid-19 Pandemic Made Existing Inequalities Worse

Creative occupations are well-known for inequalities and exclusions. This article focuses on one such excluded group—creative workers who are the parents of young children—to examine the impact of the pandemic on their creative careers. We use the Household Quarterly Labour Force Survey, a large and nationally representative database of UK workers covering the period of 2015–2021. We run regression analyses to estimate the multidimensional impact of working in the creative field, gender, parenting and the pandemic period. The analysis demonstrates a clear parenthood penalty in creative occupations. For women with young children working in the ‘core’ creative occupations this penalty equates to working around nine fewer hours per week. This penalty is in addition to the general penalty for being a woman parent (25 fewer hours per week). The pandemic saw a further hit to ‘core’ creative parents’ working hours, and mothers suffered the heaviest reduction in working hours. Reduced working hours will exacerbate existing gendered inequalities in creative occupations. Based on the figures presented in the article, more must be done by policy interventions and employer activity to prevent even greater exclusions from creative work for mothers

Recreational Fishing Initiatives Fund Final Report: Can recreational fishers provide a cost effective means for monitoring artificial reefs?

Artificial reefs have been constructed and deployed in over 50 countries around the world to enhance the productivity of aquatic habitats and fishing experiences. In April 2013, two purpose-built concrete artificial reefs were deployed in Geographe Bay, Western Australia to provide additional fish habitat and increase upwelling and thus enhance recreational fishing opportunities. Due to the relatively high cost of planning, purchasing and deploying these structures, it is important to understand spatial and temporal usage of the reef by fish assemblages, in order to determine the extent to which fishing opportunities are actually enhanced. One potential method to reduce monitoring costs is to utilise volunteers from the general public to collect data, i.e. citizen science. The overall objective of this project was to determine whether recreational fishers, through a citizen science program, could potentially provide an effective means for monitoring artificial reefs

Artificial reefs in the Anthropocene: a review of geographical and historical trends in their design, purpose, and monitoring

The long history of artificial reefs has stimulated diversity in their physical properties and deployment for a range of purposes. A systematic literature search yielded 804 scientific publications on artificial reefs. A database of their characteristics was constructed and used to investigate geographical and historical trends. A total of 1074 unique artificial reefs from 71 countries were identified, with 89% located in the northern hemisphere, but equally distributed between eastern and western hemispheres. Reefs were assigned to one of three categories: (A) unintentional deployment, (B) intentional deployment but unintentional reef, and (C) intentional artificial reef. Category A reefs consisted predominantly of accidental shipwrecks. Category B reefs were primarily coastal defense structures in shallow waters and active oil and gas infrastructures at greater depths. The number of Category C reefs increased after 1965, with most in depths of 10–30 m. Most were constructed from concrete or steel, followed by rock and rubber. Usage of concrete as a material steadily increased, while those of steel and rubber decreased, coinciding with the transition from objects (materials) of opportunity to purpose- built reefs. Most reefs were deployed to enhance faunal communities or fisheries, particularly recreational fishing in North America and Australia. Monitoring was most often performed using underwater visual census but transitioned to more technologically advanced methods, particularly in more affluent countries over recent decades. We present a standardized protocol for describing artificial reefs and urge authors to include all relevant data in their publications to allow future comparisons to enhance our understanding and evaluation of these structures