A simple two-module problem to exemplify building-block assembly under crossover

Theoretically and empirically it is clear that a genetic algorithm with crossover will outperform a genetic algorithm without crossover in some fitness landscapes, and vice versa in other landscapes. Despite an extensive literature on the subject, and recent proofs of a principled distinction in the abilities of crossover and non-crossover algorithms for a particular theoretical landscape, building general intuitions about when and why crossover performs well when it does is a different matter. In particular, the proposal that crossover might enable the assembly of good building-blocks has been difficult to verify despite many attempts at idealized building-block landscapes. Here we show the first example of a two-module problem that shows a principled advantage for cross-over. This allows us to understand building-block assembly under crossover quite straightforwardly and build intuition about more general landscape classes favoring crossover or disfavoring it

Obligations in the Shade: The Application of Fiduciary Directors’ Duties to Shadow Directors

This paper argues that shadow directors, as defined in English law, ought to owe the full range of directors’ duties, both fiduciary and non-fiduciary, enacted in the Companies Act 2006 (CA 2006), ss 171-177, to the relevant company under their influence. Following the enactment of the recent Small Business, Enterprise and Employment Act (SBEEA) 2015, these general duties are likely to apply to shadow directors, although there is still a case to be made as to why shadow directors should owe fiduciary duties to the relevant company. It is argued here that such a relationship is fiduciary in nature, but the current approach deployed in the English courts, based upon the application of Finn’s originally formulated ‘undertaking’ test alone, is inadequate. Given these inadequacies, it is proposed that the Canadian ‘power and discretion’ test be deployed alongside the ‘undertaking’ test, in order to provide a far more comprehensive justification for the application of fiduciary obligations to shadow directors. This position is supported by establishing a theoretical basis for the ‘power and discretion’ test, via Paul Miller’s ‘fiduciary powers theory’, as well as considering the application of such a test to shadow directors

Review of \u3ci\u3eDamselflies of Texas: A Field Guide.\u3c/i\u3e By John C. Abbott.

Well-produced field guides are always in demand, and Damselflies of Texas is one such. This compact, camera-bag-friendly compendium displays each of the 77 species known to occur, or that have been historically documented, in the state. The guide\u27s first 50 pages are introductory and full of useful detail. There follows a large section devoted to species descriptions and a set of appendices

Exercise-based injury prevention for community-level adolescent pace bowlers

Sporting injuries are on the rise and wide-scale injury prevention strategies are needed in community-level sport. Research indicates that community-level adolescent pace bowlers could benefit from exercise-based injury prevention programs (IPPs), however, a specific program for this group has not been developed. The primary aim of this thesis was to therefore develop a specific IPP for community-level adolescent pace bowlers and investigate if this program could modify risk factors for injury in this population. The Translating Research into Injury Prevention Practice (TRIPP) framework guided the progression of studies in this thesis. In Chapter 2, risk factors for injury in adolescent pace bowlers were systematically reviewed. The review included all experimental and observational studies that reported risk factors for non-contact injuries in pace bowlers aged 12-19 years. The Newcastle-Ottawa Quality Assessment Scale was used to assess risk of bias. In Chapter 3 the various barriers and facilitators to program implementation at the community-level were identified and used to guide the development of an IPP that was appropriate for community-level adolescent pace bowlers. In Chapters 4 and 5 a cluster-randomised controlled trial was employed to examine the efficacy of this IPP to modify neuromuscular risk factors and alter bowling kinematics. Eligible pace bowlers from eight cricket organisations (clusters) were recruited and then randomised into either an intervention group or control group. The intervention group completed an eight-week IPP while the control continued their normal cricket activity. Either side of the eight-week intervention period all participants attend a baseline and follow-up session where measures of muscle strength, muscle endurance, dynamic neuromuscular control and bowling kinematics were assessed. The treatment effect of the IPP was estimated with linear mixed models. Chapter 2 identified several potentially modifiable risk factors for injury in adolescent pace bowlers and these included; excessive lateral trunk flexion while bowling, kinematics of pelvis and hip while bowling, reduced trunk endurance, and poor lumbo-pelvic-hip movement control. There were conflicting results amongst the studies which investigated the mixed technique, bowling workload, and quadratus lumborum asymmetry. Among the five cross-sectional studies, risk of bias was high and very high. Of the 11 cohort studies, three were rated as low risk of bias and eight as high risk of bias. With the information gathered in Chapter 2, an exercise program to modify risk factors was developed in Chapter 3. The program included exercises to improve; eccentric strength of the external shoulder rotators, hip adductor strength, eccentric hamstring strength, dynamic neuromuscular control of the lumbo-pelvic region and lower-limbs, and trunk extensor endurance. Chapter 3 also considered the various facilitators to program implementation at the community-level, and therefore included exercises that were; simple to learn, non-reliant on expensive equipment, and time-efficient. In Chapter 4 the efficacy of this newly developed IPP to modify neuromuscular risk factors was assessed. There were significant treatment effects (estimated marginal mean with 95% confidence intervals) favouring the intervention group for; isokinetic shoulder strength (90°/s) (0.05 Newton meters per kilogram (N.m/kg); 0.02 to 0.09), isokinetic hamstring strength (60°/s) (0.32 N.m/kg; 0.13 to 0.50), hip adductor strength dominant side (0.40 N.m/kg; 0.26 to 0.55) and non-dominant side (0.33 N.m/kg; 0.20 to 0.47), Star Excursion Balance Test reach distance dominant side (3.80 percent of leg length (%LL); 1.63 to 6.04) and non-dominant side (3.60 %LL; 1.43 to 5.78), and back endurance (20.4 seconds; 4.80 to 36.0). No differences were observed for isokinetic shoulder strength (180°/s) (p=0.09), isokinetic hamstring strength (180°/s) (p=0.07), lumbo-pelvic stability (p=0.90), and single leg squat knee valgus angle (dominant p=0.06, non-dominant p=0.15). In Chapter 5 there were significant treatment effects favouring the intervention group for shoulder counter-rotation (-3.75°; -7.19 to -0.32) and lateral trunk flexion relative to pelvis (-2.24°; -3.97 to -0.52). There were however, no significant between-group differences for; global angles of lateral trunk flexion at front foot contact (FFC) (1.2°; -2.5 to 4.8), global angles of lateral trunk flexion ball release (BR) (-0.5°; -3.0 to 2.0), pelvis rotation FFC (0.9°; -4.0 to 2.2), pelvis rotation BR (-1.1°; -5.7 to 3.6), front hip angle FFC (1.6°; -3.6 to 6.7), front hip angle BR (-1.6°; -5.0 to 1.9), front knee angle FFC (-1.1°; -4.5 to 2.3), front knee angle BR (1.7°; -5.6 to 9.1), or ball velocity (1.1 km/h; -7.5 to 9.7). This thesis demonstrates that the TRIPP framework can used to successfully guide the process of injury prevention in community-level adolescent pace bowlers. The IPP in this thesis was also able to modify several neuromuscular and biomechanical risk factors, however a number of measures were not altered. Future research is needed to refine the current IPP and investigate if it can reduce injury risk in a real-world setting

The Growing Block’s past problems

The Growing-Block view of time has some problems with the past. It is committed to the existence of the past, but needs to say something about the difference between the past and present. I argue that we should resist Correia and Rosenkranz’ (Oxford studies in metaphysics, vol 8, pp 333–350, 2013) response to Braddon-Mitchell’s (Analysis 64:199–203, 2004) argument that the Growing-Block leads to scepticism about whether we are present. I consider an approach, similar to Peter Forrest (Analysis 64:358–362, 2004), and show it is not so counter-intuitive as Braddon-Mitchell suggests and further show that it requires no ‘semantic and metaphysical gymnastics’, as Chris Heathwood (Analysis 65:249–251, 2005) has suggested. In doing these things I make the problem of the past on the Growing-Block view a problem in its history, not its present

The "Artificial Mathematician" Objection: Exploring the (Im)possibility of Automating Mathematical Understanding

Reuben Hersh confided to us that, about forty years ago, the late Paul Cohen predicted to him that at some unspecified point in the future, mathematicians would be replaced by computers. Rather than focus on computers replacing mathematicians, however, our aim is to consider the (im)possibility of human mathematicians being joined by “artificial mathematicians” in the proving practice—not just as a method of inquiry but as a fellow inquirer

Converting an EAP/CBI Course in Human Rights to an EMI Course

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Regionalized state training academies: a better use of law enforcement training resources

Examines the costs associated with different training academy models, single jurisdiction or regional