Intergenerational public and private sector redistribution in Sweden 2003

We describe intergenerational redistribution in Sweden the year 2003. The high Swedish tax ratio of around 50-60 percent of GDP per capita is partly explained by every individual getting a lot back in terms of transfers and part in government consumption. Another reason is that most transfers are taxed, which results in double counting some tax payments. Here we attempt to correct the age profile of net tax payment for these effects and compare these to the gross profiles. On a per capita basis we find, using this netting, that the mean age of tax payers drops from 55 to 48 and that the taxes paid falls by 23.2 percent. We also look at age profiles of private and public consumption, and net private consumption, i.e., the difference between private disposable income and private consumption. We find that private net redistribution flows mainly from middle and old age to young ages, while net public transfers flow to both young and old.Intergenerational; redistribution

Kivimiehen ammattitutkintoon valmistavan koulutuksen toteutus verkko-oppimisympäristöä hyödyntäen

Kehittämishankkeessa kuvataan Sastamalan koulutuskuntayhtymän aikuisosaston kivialan koulutuksen rakentamista moodle-verkko-opetusympäristöön. Kivimiehen ammattitutkinto on tarkoitettu osoittamaan pätevyyttä, jonka kivialan osaaja voi saavuttaa. Tutkinnon vaativuustaso vastaa 3-4 vuoden kokemusta työelämässä, yrittäjänä tai toisen palveluksessa sisältäen alakohtaista koulutusta. Ennen tutkinnon suorit-tamista tutkintoon osallistuville tarjotaan valmistavaa koulutusta, jonka laajuus on 40 opintoviikkoa. Verkko-opetuksen ottaminen mukaan jo tutkinnon suunnitteluvaiheessa helpottaa verkkopedagogiikan integroimisessa alusta lähtien ettei siita tule toisaalta itsetarkoitus tai toisaalta tyhjä käytäntö. Tarkoituksena on saada verkko-opetus ja verkko-oppiminen sisällyksekkäiksi ja opetukseen lisäarvoa tuoviksi didaktisiksi elementeiksi. Verkko-opetus parhaimmillaan korostaa tutkivaa oppimista, vapauttaa aika- ja paikkasidonnaisuudesta ja tasa-arvoistaa viestintää ja mahdollistaa monipuolisemman ja syvemmän arvioinnin. Itsenäisyyden ja omatoimisuuden lisäämistä ei saa unohtaa, kuten ei verkon tuomaa huvia ja vaihteluakaan. Kehityshanke osoitti, että menestyäkseen aikuiskoulutuksen kurssivastaavan on oltava samaan aikaan koulutussuunnittelija, aineistontuottaja, ryhmänohjaaja, valmentaja, tuutori, projektijohtaja ja terapeutti. Pahitteeksi ei olisi olla myös se taitava asiansa osaava hyvä opettaja

Äldre tonåringars depression & självskadande beteende : En dokumentstudie

Syftet med mitt examensarbete är att som blivande sjukskötare förstå orsakerna bakom depression hos äldre tonåringar, samt också förstå på vilka sätt självskadande beteende framkommer hos äldre tonåringar. Med hjälp av kvalitativ metod har jag valt att göra mitt examensarbete till en dokumentstudie. För att jag skulle hitta egna ord och egen text till mitt examensarbete, har tolkat texterna i mina valda material med hjälp av innehållsanalys. Jag har kritiskt valt material så som vetenskapligt granskade artiklar, böcker samt sidor från internet och en animerad film som handlar om depression. Som forskningsteoretiker har jag valt att utgå från Erikssons (1994) teorier om den lidande människan, och jag har enligt Larssons (1994) kvalitetskriterier kritiskt granskat mitt examensarbete. Resultaterna visar att orsakerna till depression hos äldre tonåringar är negativa händelser i livet, oftast är det händelser från det förflutna. Självskadande beteendets mening hos äldre tonåringar är att hålla en kontroll över sina psykiska smärtor samt lätta smärtorna, genom att till exempel skära sig.Tämän opinnäytetyön tarkoitus on tulevana sairaanhoitajana ymmärtää syyt miksi vanhemmilla teini-ikäisillä on masennus, sekä myös ymmärtää millä tavoilla vanhemmilla teini-ikäisillä voi ilmetä itsetuhoisia käyttäytymisiä. Kirjoittaakseni tämä opinnäytetyö olen käyttänyt kvalitatiivista metodia, jolla avulla opinnäytetyöstäni on tullut asiakirja tutkimus. Löydääkseni omia sanojani ja tekstini tähän opinnäytetyöhöni, olen tulkinnut tekstit valinneista materiaaleistani sisällön analyysin avulla. Materiaalit joita olen kriittisesti valinnut, ovat tieteellisiä tarkistettuja artikkeleita, kirjoja, internetsivuja sekä lyhyt animaatio filmi, joka kertoo masennuksesta. Valitsin Erikssonin (1994) teoriat kärsineestä ihmisestä, ja Larssonin (1994) kvaliteettikriteerien avulla olen kriittisesti tarkistanut opinnäytetyöni. Tulokset viittaavat siihen, että syyt vanhempien teini-ikäisten masennukseen ovat negatiivisia tapahtumia elämässä, ja usein nämä ovat menneisyydestä. Myös itsetuhoisien käyttäytymisien tarkoitukset ovat, että vanhemmat teini-ikäiset pystyvät pitämään kontrollia psyykkisiin kipuihin, ja myös helpottaa nämä kivut esimerkiksi viiltämällä itseensä.The aim of this thesis is, as a becoming nurse to understand the reasons why older teenagers have depression, and also to understand the actions of the older teenagers' self-harm behavior. When writing this thesis, I have used the qualitative method and writed a document study. To write down my own words and text in this thesis, I have interpreted the texts of my materials with the help of content analysis. I have critically chosed all my materials to write this thesis, the materials I have used are peer reviewed articles, books, internet and a short animated film about depression. My research therorist I have used is Eriksson (1994) and her theories about the suffering human, and to critically check my thesis I have used Larsson's (1994) qualitative critics. The results show, that the reasons why older teenagers are depressed, are because of negative developments in life, usually developments from the past. The results also show, that the meaning of self-harm behavior among oldet teenagers is to have the control over their mental pain, and also easing the pain by cut themselves

Industrial and Environmental Impacts of an Expanding Bio-Energy Sector

Available on: http://www.iiis.org/CDs2011/CD2011SCI/EEEP_2011/PapersPdf/JA919AE.pdfInternational audienceIn the context of mitigating climate change and increasing energy security, the use of bio-energy production is expected to play a major role. However, an increased use of woody biomass sources for bio-energy production has in Sweden induced pressure on the woody biomass sources available and influenced forestry management. In this paper we analyze the competition of biomass sources and changes in management of woody resources induced by the joint expansion of the bioenergy sector and forest industries. Results show that increased demand of biomass sources may induce a short-term increase of forest harvesting. However, in the long-term, adequate biomass sources was found to be available to fulfill the joint demand of biomass sources for the production of bioenergy and woody produc

Importance of bioenergy markets for the development of the global energy system

International audienceFossil fuels such as oil, coal and gas dominate the global energy supply, covering more than 80% of the total primary energy supply of 508 EJ in 2009. In order to reach climate targets and create low-carbon economies, biomass is expected to play a pivotal role. While the future resource potential of biomass may be significant and the global trade of bioenergy is rapidly expanding, biomass is currently only playing a minor role in the global energy supply. Total biomass primary energy supply was 51 EJ in 2008, of which more than 60% constituted for traditional use such as cooking and heating in developing countries (India and sub-Saharan Africa). The main applications of modern use of biomass are today firstly, in the industrial sector to produce process steam, and secondly, in the power sector

Spatially explicit assessment of roundwood and logging residues availability and costs for the EU28

Competition for woody biomass between material and energy uses is expected to further increase in the future, due to the limited availability of forest resources and increasing demand of wood for material and bioenergy. Currently, methodological approaches for modeling wood production and delivery costs from forest to industrial gates are missing. This study combines forest engineering, geographically explicit information, environmental constraints and economics in a bottom-up approach to assess cost–supply curves. The estimates are based on a multitude of wood supply systems that were assigned according to geographically explicit forestry characteristics. For each harvesting and transportation system, efficiencies were modeled according to harvesting sites and main delivery hubs. The cost–supply curves for roundwood and logging residues as estimates for current time and for the future (2030) show that there are large regional differences in the potential to increase extraction in the EU28. In most EU Member States, the costs of logging residues extraction increase exponentially already for low levels of mobilization, while extraction of roundwood can be increased to a larger extent within reasonable costs (30–40 $/m3). The large differences between countries in their harvest potential highlight the importance of spatially explicit analyses

The sensitivity of the costs of reducing emissions from deforestation and degradation (REDD) to future socioeconomic drivers and its implications for mitigation policy design

Climate change mitigation policies for the land use, land use change, and forestry (LULUCF) sector are commonly assessed based on marginal abatement cost curves (MACC) derived from optimization models or engineering approaches. Yet, little is known about the space of validity of MACCs and how they are influenced by changes in main underlying drivers. In this study, we apply the Global Forest Model (G4M) to explore the sensitivity of MACCs to variation of socioeconomic drivers of deforestation, afforestation, and forest management activities. Particularly, three key factors are considered: (I) wood price, as an indicator of timber market developments; (II) agricultural land price, as a proxy representing the developments on agricultural markets; and (III) corruption coefficient, representing the progress in institutional development and measuring abatement costs use efficiency. The results indicate that the MACCs are more sensitive to the corruption coefficient than to agricultural land price and wood price. Furthermore, we find that the MACCs are more robust with high carbon dioxide (CO2) price and that the sensitivity of the MACCs is higher at low CO2 prices. In general, it can be concluded that when assessing medium-term mitigation policies characterized by low CO2 prices, MACCs need to be developed in-line with institutions currently in place. When designing long-term mitigation policy characterized by high CO2 prices, the role of the analyzed drivers in MACCs estimation is less important

ClimWood2030, Climate benefits of material substitution by forest biomass and harvested wood products: Perspective 2030 - Final Report

The ClimWood2030 study, commissioned by DG CLIMA of the European Commission, quantifies the five ways in which the EU forest sector contributes to climate change mitigation: carbon sequestration and storage in EU forests, carbon storage in harvested wood products in the EU, substitution of wood products for functionally equivalent materials and substitution of wood for other sources of energy, and displacement of emissions from forests outside the EU. It also explores through scenario analysis, based on a series of interlocking models (GLOBIOM, G4M and WoodCarbonMonitor), along with detailed analysis of Forest Based Functional Units, based on life cycle assessment (LCA), the consequences for GHG balances of policy choices at present under consideration. The focus is on the EU-28, but GHG balances for other parts of the world are also considered, notably to assess consequences of EU policy choices for other regions. The five scenarios are (I) The ClimWood2030 reference scenario, (II) Increase carbon stock in existing EU forests, (III) Cascade use – increase recovery of solid wood products, (IV) Cascade use – prevent first use of biomass for energy and (V) Strongly increase material wood use. The study presents detailed scenario results for key parameters, the policy instruments linked to the scenarios, and main conclusions

Sub-national TIMES model for analyzing regional future use of Biomass and Biofuels in France and Sweden

International Energy Workshop : http://www.kth.se/polopoly_fs/1.64178!Paper_B4_Forsell.pdfInternational audienceIn the context of mitigating climate change and increase energy security, the utilization of biomass in the energy sector is expected to play a major role. However, to estimate the possibility of fulfilling national goals concerning the future use of biomass sources and to estimate the future use of biomass sources in the energy sector, the current energy system models needs to be further developed to consider the high sub-national variances in the supply and cost of the biomass sources. In this paper we present a sub-national MARKAL/TIMES model for estimating regional utilization of biomass sources and the future development of the energy system. The proposed model is evaluated for two case studies, France and Sweden, for which the future utilization of biomass is evaluated utilizing numerous scenarios of the potential supply of biomass, cost of biomass, and end-use demand. Our results show that the limit of national biomass potentials for energy purposes in France is approximately 35 Mtoe, while all demand scenarios for Sweden could be fulfilled by national biomass potentials. Furthermore, the results show that there are large differences in the regional utilization level of biomass sources, even when the total utilization level of biomass sources is high