Analisar a mudança : Políticas públicas et debates num sistema em diferentes níveis de governança

Why are most public policies so hard to reform? How comes some are so drastically changed at some point? This article proposes a model aimed at explaining public policy change with a specific focus on ideas, discourses and controversies as explanatory variables. Specific analytical tools are proposed, among which are included the notions of arenas and forums as core elements to grasp the variety of controversies at stake. The model helps us to understand the dynamics of production, progressive selection and institutionalization of ideas -i.e. their transformation into public policy instruments, as well as their feed-back effects. These analytical tools are first theoretically defined and described, and the model is then placed in the framework of a multi-governance political system (national, regional - European Union, international levels) and a range of institutional contexts (sectoral, non-sectoral). The proposed model is finally applied to the case of the European common agricultural policy and its reforms. (Résumé d'auteur

Pourquoi une telle inefficacité dans la compétition internationale pour la définition des politiques agricoles ? A propos des incapacités discursives de la FAO

Using an analytical grid mixing international relations and public policy analysis, we assume in this paper that international organisations compete actively at the international level for the formulation of public policies. We enlighten the difficulties experienced by the Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) both to exist and to be considered as legitimate in international arenas and debates on agricultural policies. Our main hypothesis to explain such difficulties is that the FAO makes a poor use of its cognitive resources and that its discursive production is weak. This hinders the FAO from adding value to international debates and from appearing as a legitimate discussion partner. In this paper, we propose three categories of explanatory variables for such a cognitive and discursive malfunctioning: (i) acting as an international bureaucracy, the FAO presents some specific organisational weaknesses (policy work organisation and coordination, cultural tensions and paradigmatic oppositions between units and departments, leadership and management problems); (ii) the FAO is subject to the political control of developed countries that are able to leverage budgetary pressure; (iii) no efficient measures have ever been taken to really include the civil society and peasant organisations in the FAO's policy works and thoughts. ...French Abstract : Dans un cadre analytique mêlant approche cognitive des politiques publiques et sociologie des relations internationales, ce texte pose l'existence d'une concurrence internationale pour l'influence sur la fabrication des politiques publiques à laquelle prennent pleinement part les organisations internationales. Il fait ensuite le constat des difficultés de la FAO, Organisation des Nations Unies pour l'Alimentation et l'Agriculture, à faire entendre sa voix dans les débats mondiaux sur les politiques agricoles. L'hypothèse avancée pour expliquer ces difficultés renvoie à des défaillances dans l'emploi de ses ressources cognitives et dans la qualité de sa production discursive, qui empêchent la FAO d'apporter une valeur ajoutée au débat international et d'apparaître comme un interlocuteur légitime. Trois catégories de facteurs explicatifs de ces dysfonctionnements et défaillances discursives, a priori paradoxales compte tenu de la spécialisation de l'organisation, sont avancées : la première se réfère au fonctionnement de la FAO comme bureaucratie internationale (organisation et coordination du travail en matière de politique, sous-cultures professionnelles et tensions cognitives au sein de l'organisation, problèmes de leadership et de management), la deuxième explication réside dans le contrôle politique strict imposé à la FAO par les pays développés jouant, notamment, de leur pouvoir de pression budgétaire, et la troisième à l'absence de dispositions efficaces visant à associer les organisations paysannes et la société civile aux réflexions de l'organisation.INTERNATIONAL ORGANISATION; AGRICULTURAL POLICY; INTERNATIONAL POLITICAL SOCIOLOGY; POLICY IDEAS; DISCURSIVE ANALYSIS; ORGANISATION INTERNATIONALE; POLITIQUE AGRICOLE; SOCIOLOGIE DES RELATIONS INTERNATIONALES; SOCIOLOGIE POLITIQUE INTERNATIONALE; ANALYSE COGNITIVE; ANALYSE DISCURSIVE

How and why large-scale agricultural investments induce different socio-economic, food security, and environmental impacts: Evidence from Kenya, Madagascar, and Mozambique [913]

Changes to the global agro-food-energy system (e.g. changing consumption patterns in the North (SNF, 2012), Europe's Climate and biofuel policies, etc.) over the past few years have led to a renewed interest in agriculture and a rush to acquire land (Cotula, 2012; Anseeuw et al, 2013). The impacts of this rush on sustainability are not always evident as its assessments focus on the short-term and generally remain at a case study level, without considering the broader agrarian and socio-economic transformations it entails (Borras et al. 2012). If a consensus emerges regarding the necessity of additional investment into agriculture (FAO, 2010), it is less evident whether large-scale agricultural investments (LAI) are a vector for broader agrarian and socio-economic transformations in a sustainable manner (Borras et al. 2012, Deininger and Byerlee 2011; Collier and Dercon 2014). Despite a growing literature (World Bank, 2010; White et al., 2012, Cotula 2014 etc.), most assessments of LAI impacts tend to remain local, in the form of specific case-studies, and are often short term without broader contextualization (Fairhead et al., 2012). Efforts to overcome these limitations through different types of meta-analyis have been undertaken (Oberlack et al., 2015, Schoneveld 2014, Schoneveld 2017, Dell'Angelo et al. (2017). However, a more empirical understanding of the diverse changes and impacts at various levels is necessary for reflecting on visions for the planetary land system. Against this backdrop, this paper presents the results of a study aiming, on one hand, at assessing the changes and impacts of LAIs at various (individual, household, regional) levels within target regions, and on the other hand, at a nuanced account of how and why LAIs subsequently induce diverse regional development trajectories in these regions. We focus on LAIs in Kenya, Madagascar and Mozambique. Specifically, this study provides a cross-national comparative analysis of business models, land-use changes, governance dynamics of LAIs and their socio-economic, food security, and environmental impacts in Kenya, Madagascar and Mozambique. It brings together the individual results on these aspects, which were generated in the Afgroland project (www.afgroland.net). The following research question guides this analysis: How do contextual and institutional nuances of large-scale agricultural investments impact on land-use changes, the organization of production and investment processes, socio-economic outcomes, food security, and the environment in LAI target regions in Kenya, Madagascar and Mozambique? Methodologically, this study utilizes a set-theoretic methodology for a case-based comparative analysis. It responds to calls for the use of robust empirical methodologies to provide reliable evidence on the impacts of LAIs and to expand the use of comparative methods to attribute LAI impacts to causal factors. Data were collected in six study areas in the three countries by means of household surveys with more than 1500 households, more than 200 key-informant and in-depth interviews with business managers, policymakers, households, development agencies, and NGOs; remotely sensed data between 2016 and 2018, and complemented with document analysis. Data analysis involved mixed qualitative and quantitative techniques. A first set of tentative results, more conceptual in nature, show that LAIs induce regional development trajectories with sustainability impact patterns that can be characterized as conflictual sustainability trade-offs; employment vs. land access and environment trade-offs; widespread hostility; or moderate impacts. The set-theoretic analysis shows that the operational farm size, labour intensity, experience in local agriculture or domestic origin of investors, and prior land uses have the most significant impact on land-use changes, evolution of business models and adaptation of governance systems:. These transformation patterns are described in detail in the paper. A second set of results shows how the same international drivers can have divergent impacts, with local-level outcomes which can differ significantly in terms of land use change, ecological impacts, food security, and livelihoods. These divergences are determined by national politics and policy frameworks, land tenure rights, business models, land and water resource endowments, and path-dependencies regarding investment and business practices. As such, in Kenya, and more particularly in the Nanyuki region characterised by longstanding LAIs, an agrarian normalisation process has established, based on labour intense production systems mainly in the flower and horticultural sectors. Better established labour rights, technology transfer and an agrarian sector that has developed over time leads presently to a relatively dynamic local economy with subsequent livelihood opportunities. In Mozambique, these regional dynamics are minimal however, albeit indirect through basic infrastructural and service development. On contrary, through land loss and increased land pressures, labour extensive crops and production models, and not well developed labour rights, major fractions of the local populations tend to be affected negatively. Lastly, in Madagascar, for the few investments that are still operational, they tend to function on an enclave model, with very little – if any – interactions and impacts on the regional economy and local populations. The paper concludes by repositioning these results in the broader framework of interactions among sustainable development goals (SDGs), representing a critical, but mostly overlooked aspect in the debate on LAIs. In policy debates, LAIs are frequently justified with the argument that LAIs would create new flows of investments to capital-poor regions; create new employment; enhance agricultural productivity. In other words, this narratives relates LAIs positively to SDG10.B and SDG17.3 (investment flows), SDG8.5 (employment), and SDG2.3 (agricultural productivity), among others. By contrast, a recent review finds that LAIs can affect 14 of the 17 Sustainable Development Goals of the UN 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development in adverse ways. The results of this study and the analyses in terms of diverging development trajectories induced by LAIs allows to assess how LAIs shapes the interaction between multiple SDGs. These interactions among SDGs in the framework of LAIs can take the forms of trade-offs, co-benefits, and co-damage

Contributions de la recherche agronomique à l'agriculture biologique dans les pays du Sud : note de synthèse, groupe de travail agriculture biologique, Cirad, Montpellier

L'agriculture biologique se qualifie principalement par les définitions structurées par les normes et les standards internationaux. Pourtant, dans les pays du Sud, cette agriculture peut recouvrir diverses réalités productives, divers lieux d'innovations et d'interactions entre acteurs. Cette synthèse, construite sur la base des publications et travaux en cours des chercheurs du Cirad, propose un état des lieux des trajectoires de recherche sur cette thématique et des principaux facteurs limitants qui structurent les fronts de recherche correspondants. (Résumé d'auteur

La réforme de la politique agricole commune au sein du système politico-administratif français. Analyse d'un changement de politique publique comme processus d'apprentissage social

Diffusion du document : INRA Station d'Economie et Sociologie rurales 65 rue de Saint-Brieuc 35042 Rennes Cedex (FRA)La réforme de la PAC du 22 mai 1992 a constitué un véritable tournant dans la conception des politiques publiques communautaires dans le domaine agricole. Cette étude de science politique est centrée sur l'analyse des réseaux et des dynamiques d'acteurs, qui se sont construits en France autour de la négociation et de la formulation de la réforme de la PAC. Cette étude est le résultat d'une réflexion basée, en partie, sur une douzaine d'entretiens avec des hauts fonctionnaires des grandes directions des administrations concernées, des conseillers techniques dans les cabinets ministériels, et des responsables représentant les professionnels en poste à cette époque. L'analyse veut dépasser le simple constat de crise de la politique agricole, et cherche à mettre en évidence les processus d'apprentissage social dont le système politico-administratif est le siège