The Sixth Framework Program as an Affiliation Network: Representation and Analysis

In this paper, we compare two different representations of Framework Programs as affiliation network: “One-mode networks”' and “Two-mode networks”'. The aim of this article is to show that the choice of the representation has an impact on the analysis of the networks and on the results of the analysis. In order to support our proposals, we present two forms of representation and different indicators used in the analysis. We study the network of the 6th Framework Program using the two forms of representation. In particular, we show that the identification of the central nodes is sensitive to the chosen representation. Furthermore, the nodes forming the core of the network vary according to the representation. These differences of results are important as they can influence innovation policies.Affiliation Network, Innovation Policies, Centrality

Affiliation network: representations and analysis

In this paper, we compare two different representations of Framework Programs as affiliation network: “One-mode networks” and “Two-mode networks”. The aim of this article is to show that the choice of the representationhas an impact on the analysis of the networks and on the results of the analysis. In order to support our proposals, we present two forms of representation and different indicators used in the analysis. We study the network of the 6th Framework Program using the two forms of representation. In particular, we show that the identification of the central nodes is sensitive to the chosen representation. Furthermore, the nodes forming the core of the network vary according to the representation. These differences of results are important as they can influence innovation policies.networks

Affiliation network: representations and analysis

In this paper, we compare two different representations of Framework Programs as affiliation network: “One-mode networks” and “Two-mode networks”. The aim of this article is to show that the choice of the representationhas an impact on the analysis of the networks and on the results of the analysis. In order to support our proposals, we present two forms of representation and different indicators used in the analysis. We study the network of the 6th Framework Program using the two forms of representation. In particular, we show that the identification of the central nodes is sensitive to the chosen representation. Furthermore, the nodes forming the core of the network vary according to the representation. These differences of results are important as they can influence innovation policies

Using Affiliation Networks to Study the Determinants of Multilateral Research Cooperation Some empirical evidence from EU Framework Programs in biotechnology

This paper studies multilateral cooperation networks among organizations and work on a two-mode representation to study the decision to participate in a consortium. Our objective is to explain the underlying processes that give rise to multilateral collaboration networks. Particularly, we are interested in how heterogeneity in organizations' attributes plays a part and in the geographical dimension of this formation process. We use the data on project proposals submitted to the 7th Framework Program (FP) in the area of Life sciences, Biotechnology and Biochemistry for Sustainable Non-Food. We employ exponential random graph models (p* models) (Frank and Strauss, 1986 ; Wasserman and Pattison, 1996) with node attributes (Agneessens et al., 2004), and we make use of extensions for affiliation networks (Wang et al., 2009). These models do not only enable handling variability in consortium sizes but also relax the assumption on tie/triad independence. We obtained some preliminary results indicating institutional types as a source of heterogeneity affecting participation decisions. Also, these initial results point out that organizations take their potential partners' participations in other projects into account in giving their decision ; organizations located in the core European countries tend to participate in the same project ; the tendency to preserve the composition of a consortium across projects and the tendency of organizations with the same institutional type to co-participate are not significant

CDPKs CPK6 and CPK3 Function in ABA Regulation of Guard Cell S-Type Anion- and Ca(2+)- Permeable Channels and Stomatal Closure

Abscisic acid (ABA) signal transduction has been proposed to utilize cytosolic Ca(2+) in guard cell ion channel regulation. However, genetic mutants in Ca(2+) sensors that impair guard cell or plant ion channel signaling responses have not been identified, and whether Ca(2+)-independent ABA signaling mechanisms suffice for a full response remains unclear. Calcium-dependent protein kinases (CDPKs) have been proposed to contribute to central signal transduction responses in plants. However, no Arabidopsis CDPK gene disruption mutant phenotype has been reported to date, likely due to overlapping redundancies in CDPKs. Two Arabidopsis guard cell–expressed CDPK genes, CPK3 and CPK6, showed gene disruption phenotypes. ABA and Ca(2+) activation of slow-type anion channels and, interestingly, ABA activation of plasma membrane Ca(2+)-permeable channels were impaired in independent alleles of single and double cpk3cpk6 mutant guard cells. Furthermore, ABA- and Ca(2+)-induced stomatal closing were partially impaired in these cpk3cpk6 mutant alleles. However, rapid-type anion channel current activity was not affected, consistent with the partial stomatal closing response in double mutants via a proposed branched signaling network. Imposed Ca(2+) oscillation experiments revealed that Ca(2+)-reactive stomatal closure was reduced in CDPK double mutant plants. However, long-lasting Ca(2+)-programmed stomatal closure was not impaired, providing genetic evidence for a functional separation of these two modes of Ca(2+)-induced stomatal closing. Our findings show important functions of the CPK6 and CPK3 CDPKs in guard cell ion channel regulation and provide genetic evidence for calcium sensors that transduce stomatal ABA signaling

The Sixth Framework Program as an Affiliation Network: Representation and Analysis

In this paper, we compare two different representations of Framework Programs as affiliation network: 'One-mode networks' and 'Two-mode networks'. The aim of this article is to show that the choice of the representation has an impact on the analysis of the networks and on the results of the analysis. In order to support our proposals, we present two forms of representation and different indicators used in the analysis. We study the network of the 6th Framework Program using the two forms of representation. In particular, we show that the identification of the central nodes is sensitive to the chosen representation. Furthermore, the nodes forming the core of the network vary according to the representation. These differences of results are important as they can influence innovation policies

Structure and determinants of collaboration in framework programs of the european union : a network perspective.

Les Programmes Cadres de Recherche et développement technologique (PCRDT) sont les principaux instruments dont dispose l’Union Européenne (UE) pour, d’une part favoriser la recherche et l’innovation sur le territoire européen et améliorer la compétitivité des firmes européennes, d’autre part faire émerger un Espace Européen de la Recherche (EER). Les collaborations formées entre les acteurs de la recherche et l’innovation, grâce aux projets financés par les PCRDT, forment des réseaux complexes. L’objectif de la thèse est de montrer de quelle manière l’analyse réseau constitue une perspective intéressante pour mieux appréhender les PCRDT et évaluer l’impact des politiques d’innovations de l’UE. Cette analyse permet à la fois d’examiner les propriétés de la structure des collaborations formées dans le cadre des PCRDT et de rendre comptedes déterminants des collaborations au sein de ces programmes. Les travaux menés dans la thèse portent sur deux domaines technologiques, issus de la thématique Information Society Technology (IST) du 6ème PCRDT et qui sont des domaines clés de l’innovation dans l’UE : les Télécommunications et l’Electronique-Microélectronique. Dans un premier temps, nous étudions les réseaux formés par les collaborations entre agents dans les deux domaines technologiques retenus ainsi que dans le réseau agrégé de ces deux domaines. Nous nous intéressons aux propriétés générales de ces réseaux et cherchonsà vérifier s’ils possèdent les propriétés des “small-world networks” reconnus dans la littérature comme des réseaux favorisant l’innovation. De plus, nous observons si ces réseaux évoluent de manière positive dans le temps. Après avoir étudié les réseaux de manière globale, nous nous intéressons aux agents qui composent le réseau en montrant notamment l’existence de “hubs”. Dans le cadre de cette analyse, nous sélectionnons les indcateurs adéquats et si nécessaire mettons ne place de nouveaux indicateurs comme le degré renforcé. Nous menons ainsi une analyse à deux niveaux : au niveau macroéconomiqueet au niveau microéconomique. Enfin, nous construisons des réseaux agrégés au niveau des régions afin de ne pas étudier seulement les réseaux de collaborations au niveau des agents mais aussi au niveau des territoires. De cette manière, il est possible d’observer dans quelle mesure les PCRDT impulsent un développement harmonieux de l’innovation au sein de l’UE.Dans un second temps, nous nous concentrons sur les déterminants qui peuvent inciter deux agents à collaborer. Pour cela, nous nous intéressons plus particulièrement aux agents qui ont déjà une expérience dans les PCRDT. Parmi ces déterminants, on retrouve ceux de la littérature traditionnelle comme les moyens en R&D, la proximité géographique,. . . En outre, nous mettons également en exergue le rôle prépondérant joué par les réseaux de la période précédente dans les choix de collaboration et la constitution des réseaux présents. Nous étudions à la fois l’existence d’une collaboration entre deux agents mais aussi l’intensité de ces collaborations. Enfin, afin d’approfondir l’analyse menée dans le cadre de collaborations bilatérales, nous étudions la formation de triades en cherchant à montrer l’existence du phénomène de “triadic closure” tout en observant le rôle joué par les déterminants cités précédemment.The Framework Programs (FPs) are the European Union’s (EU’s) main tools for the promotion of research and innovation within the European territory. They both improve the competitiveness of European firms and promote the emergence of a European Research Area (ERA). Complex networks arise from the collaborations formed between the actors of research and innovation, through projects funded by the FPs. The objective of this thesis is first of all to show how network analysis provides an interesting perspective for a better understanding of FPs and then to assess the impact of innovation policies within the EU. This analysis will then enable an examination of the structural properties of collaborations formed under the FPs as well as a report on the determinants of collaborations within these programs. The work in this thesis focuses upon the Information Society Technology (IST) of the 6th FP. Two technological fields are used : Telecommunication and Electronics-Microelectronics.Initially, we study the networks formed by collaborations between two agents from selected technological fields and the aggregated network formed by these two fields of research. We study the general properties of these networks. We aim to verify whether or not these networks have the properties of “small-world networks”. This type of network is known in the literature to foster innovation networks. We also observe the characteristics of their evolution over time. Then, we study the agents which compose the networks and particularly we highlight the existence of “hubs”. We select the appropriate indicatorsand, where necessary, we develop new indicators as the strengthened degree for example. We conduct the analysis at both macroeconomic and microeconomic level. Finally, we construct networks which are aggregated at the regional level in order to study regional collaborations. Thus, it is possible to observe whether the FPs permit harmonious development within the EU and involve the construction of an ERA. In a second part, we study the determinants which may induce both agents to collaborate. We are particularly interested in agents who have experience in FPs. We study the role played by the traditional determinants as the means for R&D, geographical proximity,. In addition, we emphasize the role played by previous networks in collaboration choices. We study both the existence of collaboration between two agents and the intensity of these collaborations. Finally, in order to extend the analysis of the FPs, we study the formation of triads and particularly we show the existence of the phenomenon of “triadic closure”