Is the Inflation-Output Nexus Asymmetric in the Euro Area?

This paper challenges the assumption that the inflation process within the euro area is well-described by a linear Phillips curve and investigates in a nonparametric framework how inflation is sensitive to output growth. An asymmetric output-inflation trade-off is pointed out in the euro area at both aggregated and individual country levels.Nonlinear Phillips curve ; Price stability ; Kernel smoothing.

From architectural to literary symbolism: Proust in the school of Émile Mâle

Marcel Proust (1871-1922) debuted as a writer when the doctrine of symbolism was prevalent in the French literature. But his relationship with this contemporary trend is difficult to define. The reconstruction of historical and logical facts connected with this issue seems to indicate that Proust distanced himself from the poets and writers of symbolism; the word “symbol” itself would often be used in negative contexts in "In Search of Lost Time" which Proust started to write in 1908. At that time Proust was also impressed by the work of Émile Mâle entitled "L’Art religieux du XIIIe siècle en France" (Religious Art of the 13th century in France, 1898). Thus, it is through the contact with architecture, more than with literature, that the author of "In Search of Lost Time" explores the notion of symbolism when, based on consciously adopted rules, he gives his work the exact structure of a cathedral.Marcel Proust (1871-1922) debuted as a writer when the doctrine of symbolism was prevalent in the French literature. But his relationship with this contemporary trend is difficult to define. The reconstruction of historical and logical facts connected with this issue seems to indicate that Proust distanced himself from the poets and writers of symbolism; the word “symbol” itself would often be used in negative contexts in "In Search of Lost Time" which Proust started to write in 1908. At that time Proust was also impressed by the work of Émile Mâle entitled "L’Art religieux du XIIIe siècle en France" (Religious Art of the 13th century in France, 1898). Thus, it is through the contact with architecture, more than with literature, that the author of "In Search of Lost Time" explores the notion of symbolism when, based on consciously adopted rules, he gives his work the exact structure of a cathedral

Approches de la lecture dans l’enseignement supérieur français

Les comportements de lecture des étudiants en France sont inséparables de l'évolution de l'enseignement sur les plans tant sociologique que pédagogique. Ils constituent un indicateur important de la vie universitaire. L'appartenance à une discipline détermine en effet des pratiques très spécifiques chez les étudiants comme chez leurs enseignants. En liaison avec les caractéristiques sociales et intellectuelles antérieures des étudiants, les attentes disciplinaires expliquent la diversité de leurs attitudes et de leurs performances en matière de lecture. On relève en outre chez de nombreux étudiants une nette séparation entre la lecture personnelle et la lecture prescrite. Cet écart est ressenti diversement dans les différents groupes d'étudiants et pose la question de l'intervention de l'institution universitaire dans la formation culturelle de ses publics.The reading behavior of students in France appears to follow the evolution of the sociological and pedagogical aspects of teaching. These behaviors are an important indicator of university life. Specific practices of both students and teachers are related to the discipline from which they emanate. The author notes that the diversity of students' attitudes and reading performance is related to their social and intellectual characteristics as well as to the expectations of their discipline. For many students there appears to be a clear separation between personal reading and reading that is assigned. This difference allows for various interpretations for different groups of students, and leads the author to question the role of the university in the cultural education of its students.Los hàbitos de lectura de los estudiantes franceses son inseparables de la evolucion de la ensefianza tanto en el piano sociologico como en el psicolôgico. Dichos hâbitos constituyen un indicador importante de la vida universitaria. La pertenencia a una disciplina efectivamente détermina practicas especificas tanto en los estudiantes como en sus proiesores. Relacionadas con las caracteristicas sociales e intelectuales de los estudiantes, las expectativas con respecto a las disciplinas explican la diversidad de sus actitudes y de sus rendimientos en materia de lectura. Ademàs, en muchos estudiantes se encuentra una separaciôn neta entre la lectura personal y la lectura prescrita. Esta diferencia se manifiesta de manera diversa en los distintos grupos de estudiantes, planteando la cuestiôn de la intervèncion institucional en la formacion cultural de sus clientelas.Das Leseverhalten der Studenten in Frankreich ist mit der Entwicklung des Unterrichts sowohl auf soziologischer als auch auf padagogischer Ebene untrennbar verbunden. Dièse stellen einen wichtigen Anzeiger des Universitàtslebens dar. Die Zugehôrigkeit zu einer Fachrichtung bestimmt in der Tat sehr spezifische Tàtigkeiten bei den Studenten wie bei ihren Lehrkraften. Je nach der sozialen und intellektuellen Vorgeschichte der Studenten erklaren die Fachwunsche die Verschiedenheit ihrer Einstellung und ihrer Leistungen auf dem Gebiet der Lektùre. AufSerdem findet sich bei zahlreichen Studenten eine klare Trennung zwischen personlicher und Pflichtlekture. Dieser Unterschied wird in den verschiedenen Studentengruppen verschieden empfunden und stellt die Frage nach dem Eingreifen der Universitàt in der kulturellen Bildung ihrer Studenten

Partial decoupling between strain and polarization in mono-oriented Pb(Zr0.2Ti0.8)O3 thin film

The structural evolution of epitaxial mono-oriented (i.e. with the c-axis perpendicular to the interface) ferroelectric Pb(Zr0.2,Ti0.8)O3 thin film has been investigated, using high resolution, temperature dependent, X-ray diffraction. The full set of lattice parameters was obtained, it allowed to estimate the variation of the polarization as a function of temperature, underlying the difference between the polarization-induced tetragonality and the elastic one. The temperature evolution of the misfit strain has been calculated and found to be in good agreement with the theoretical temperature-misfit strain phase diagramComment: 11 pages, 3 figure