Penser la justice sociale : entre redistribution et revendications identitaires

L’émergence dans le paysage politique des sociétés modernes de revendications identitaires a eu tendance à recibler l’entendement que l’on a généralement de la justice sociale. Pour plusieurs, désormais, la volonté authentique de reconnaissance des différences identitaires constitue la marque fondamentale d’une société juste. Cette vision des choses s’oppose à la vision plus traditionnelle de la justice qui pose d’abord la problématique en termes de redistribution des ressources matérielles. Cette dichotomisation conceptuelle de la justice est politiquement improductive et ne correspond pas à la réalité, car les manifestations d’injustice opèrent dans les faits sur l’un et l’autre pôle à la fois. Cet article développe un modèle théorique et normatif qui intègre plutôt en un cadre unifié les revendications identitaires et celles formulées à des fins de redressement économique.The recent emergence of identity claims in modern politics has transformed the conventional understanding of social justice. While the pursuit of social justice was long perceived as a function of economic redistribution, identity politics now predicates social justice on the political recognition of identity claims. Both visions are often opposed in current theoretical discourse. This conceptual polarization is politically useless and does not correspond to reality : injustice manifests itself simultaneously on both the economic and cultural fronts. This essay proposes a theoretical and normative model which integrates both dimensions of justice in a unified framework

Social justice in the age of identity politics: Redistribution, recognition, participation

Today, claims for social justice seem to divide into two types: claims for the redistribution of resources and claims for the recognition of cultural difference. Increasingly, these two kind of claims are polarized against one another. As a result, we are asked to choose between class politics and identity politics, social democracy and multiculturalism, redistribution and recognition. These, however, are false antitheses. Justice today requires both redistribution and recognition. Neither alone is sufficient. As soon as one embraces this thesis, however, the question of how to combine them becomes paramount. I contend that the emancipatory aspects of the two paradigms need to be integrated in a single, comprehensive framework. In this lecture, I consider two dimensions of this project. First, on the plane of moral philosophy, I propose an overarching conception of justice that can accomodate both defensible claims for social equality and defensible claims for the recognition of difference. Second, on the plane of social theory, I propose an approach that can accomodate the complex relations between interest and identity, economy and culture, class and status in contemporary globalizing capitalist society.In der aktuellen Debatte erscheinen Forderungen nach sozialer Gerechtigkeit in zwei Typen aufgespalten: Forderungen nach Umverteilung von Ressourcen und Forderungen nach Anerkennung kultureller Verschiedenheit. Diese beiden Typen von Forderungen werden zunehmend gegeneinander polarisiert. Entsprechend sollen wir wählen zwischen Klassenpolitik und Identitätspolitik, sozialer Demokratie und Multikulturalismus, Umverteilung und Anerkennung. Es handelt sich dabei jedoch um falsche Gegensätze. Gerechtigkeit erfordert heute beides: Umverteilung und Anerkennung. Eines allein ist unzureichend. Wenn man diese These akzeptiert, wird die Frage zentral, wie beide Forderungen zu vereinbaren sind. Ich vertrete den Standpunkt, daß die emanzipatorischen Aspekte der beiden Paradigmata in einem umfassenden Rahmen integriert werden müssen. In diesem Beitrag werden zwei Dimensionen dieses Vorhabens behandelt. Als erstes schlage ich auf der Ebene der Moralphilosophie eine übergreifende Konzeption von Gerechtigkeit vor, die sowohl vertretbare Forderungen nach sozialer Gleichheit umfaßt als auch vertretbare Forderungen nach Anerkennung von Differenz. Als zweites schlage ich auf der Ebene von Gesellschaftstheorie einen Ansatz vor, der den komplexen Beziehungen zwischen Interesse und Identität, Ökonomie und Kultur sowie Klasse und Status in der heutigen globalisierten, kapitalistischen Gesellschaft Rechnung trägt

In situ analysis of neuronal dynamics and positional cues in the patterning of nerve connections

Recently developed imaging techniques permit individual cells to be uniquely labeled and followed over time as development proceeds in intact vertebrate embryos. Small groups of cells in the developing eye rudiment of the frog Xenopus have been labeled with the vital dyes DiI, lysinated fluorescein dextran (LFD) or lysinated rhodamine dextran (LRD). Individual optic axons and their growth cones were clearly visible in the intact living animal using confocal microscopy or epifluorescence microscopy with a low light level video camera and computer-based video image enhancement. To follow the dynamics of single optic nerve fiber terminal arborizations, small groups of cells, or even single retinal ganglion cells, were labeled with DiI, and the resulting labeled optic nerve fibers were imaged using a confocal microscope. The images show a profound alteration in morphology from day to day, demonstrating that optic nerve terminal arborizations are dynamic structures constantly extending and retracting branches. To follow the topography of the developing projection and analyze the cues that guide its formation, small groups of eyebud cells from LFD- and LRD-labeled donor embryos were grafted to an unlabeled host in either a location equivalent to that from which they had been removed (homotopic grafts) or a non-equivalent location (heterotopic grafts). Axons from homotopic grafts projected to the tectum as expected from the adult topography of the retinotectal projection. Dorsoventral topography was present from the time that the optic nerve fibers were observable in the tectum, in agreement with previous work. Nasotemporal topography was subtle or absent for the first few days, and then slowly refined. The importance of positional cues was tested by performing heterotopic eyebud grafts, in which the labeled eyebud cells are grafted to inappropriate places in the host eyebud. The heterotopic grafts appeared to integrate with the ectopic site in the eyebud in a functional manner. They should, therefore, project to the tectum together with their new neighbors if neighbor interactions or activity-based cues were of primary importance in the initial patterning of the map. However, the experiments showed that the axons from heterotopic grafts always behaved in a fashion appropriate to their position of origin in the donor, regardless of their final position in the host. These observations indicate that small groups of eyebud cells (as small as a single cell) possess positional information that plays a dominant role in guiding the optic nerve fibers to their target sites in the tectum

Phosphorylation stoichiometries of human eukaryotic initiation factors.

Eukaryotic translation initiation factors are the principal molecular effectors regulating the process converting nucleic acid to functional protein. Commonly referred to as eIFs (eukaryotic initiation factors), this suite of proteins is comprised of at least 25 individual subunits that function in a coordinated, regulated, manner during mRNA translation. Multiple facets of eIF regulation have yet to be elucidated; however, many of the necessary protein factors are phosphorylated. Herein, we have isolated, identified and quantified phosphosites from eIF2, eIF3, and eIF4G generated from log phase grown HeLa cell lysates. Our investigation is the first study to globally quantify eIF phosphosites and illustrates differences in abundance of phosphorylation between the residues of each factor. Thus, identification of those phosphosites that exhibit either high or low levels of phosphorylation under log phase growing conditions may aid researchers to concentrate their investigative efforts to specific phosphosites that potentially harbor important regulatory mechanisms germane to mRNA translation

Influenza vaccination among healthcare workers: Ten-year experience of a large healthcare organization

OBJECTIVE: To describe the results of different measures implemented to improve compliance with the healthcare worker (HCW) influenza immunization program at BJC HealthCare between 1997 and 2007. DESIGN: Descriptive retrospective study. SETTING: BJC HealthCare, a 13-hospital nonprofit healthcare organization in the Midwest. METHODS: Review and analysis of HCW influenza vaccination data from all BJC HealthCare Occupational Health Services and hospitals between 1997 and 2007. Occupational health staff, infection prevention personnel and key influenza vaccine campaign leaders were also interviewed regarding implementation measures during the study years. RESULTS: At the end of 2007, BJC HealthCare had approximately 26,000 employees. Using multiple progressive interventions, influenza vaccination rates among BJC employees increased from 45% in 1997 to 71.9% in 2007 (p<0.001). The influenza vaccination rate in 2007 was significantly higher than in 2006, 71.9% versus 54.2% (p<0.001). Five hospitals had influenza vaccination rates over the target goal of 80% in 2007. The most successful interventions were adding influenza vaccination rates to the incented quality scorecard and declination statements, both implemented in 2007. The most important barriers identified in the interviews related to HCWs’ misconceptions about influenza vaccination and a perceived lack of leadership support. CONCLUSIONS: Influenza vaccination rates in HCWs significantly improved with multiple interventions over the years. However, the BJC HealthCare influenza vaccination target of 80% was not attained at all hospitals with these measures. More aggressive interventions such as implementing mandatory influenza vaccination policies are needed to achieve higher vaccination rates

REDEFINIENDO EL CONCEPTO DE JUSTICIA EN UN MUNDO GLOBALIZADO

Globalization is changing the way we argue about justice. Not so long ago, in the heyday of social democracy, disputes about justice presumed what I shall call a “Keynesian-Westphalian frame”. Typically played out within modern territorial states, arguments about justice were assumed to concern relations among fellow citizens, to be subject to debate within national publics, and to contemplate redress by national states. This was true for each of two major families of justice claims, claims for socioeconomic redistribution and claims for legal or cultural recognition.La globalización está cambiando nuestra forma de discutir sobre la justicia. No hace mucho, en la edad de oro de la socialdemocracia, las disputas sobre la justicia presuponían lo que denominaré “el marco keynesiano-westfaliano”. Se asumía que los enfrentamientos en materia de justicia, desarrollados normalmente en el interior de estados territoriales, concernían a las relaciones entre conciudadanos, eran tema de debate en el ámbito nacional público y planteaban una reparación por parte de los estados nacionales. Éste fue el caso respecto de dos tipos fundamentales de reivindicación de justicia: reivindicaciones de redistribución socioeconómica y reivindicaciones de reconocimiento legal o cultural

Feminist mobilisation for policy change on violence against women: insights from Asia

This article explores how women’s movements in China, India and Indonesia have mobilized to influence processes of legal reform on violence against women (VAW). Legal change is a complex and iterative process, in which both state and non-state actors negotiate and bargain over the content of law in the ‘policy space’, bringing different interests and needs to bear. The three countries featured here differ in many ways, including population size, political system (including varying levels and degrees of democratization and decentralization, and regional and local autonomy), and diversity in the population, including ethnicities and religions. A comparative study such as this offers important potential for understanding policy change on VAW, the role of women’s movements in this, and the obstacles to change

Social justice in the age of identity politics: redistribution, recognition, participation

"In der aktuellen Debatte erscheinen Forderungen nach sozialer Gerechtigkeit in zwei Typen aufgespalten: Forderungen nach Umverteilung von Ressourcen und Forderungen nach Anerkennung kultureller Verschiedenheit. Diese beiden Typen von Forderungen werden zunehmend gegeneinander polarisiert. Entsprechend sollen wir wählen zwischen Klassenpolitik und Identitätspolitik, sozialer Demokratie und Multikulturalismus, Umverteilung und Anerkennung. Es handelt sich dabei jedoch um falsche Gegensätze. Gerechtigkeit erfordert heute beides: Umverteilung und Anerkennung. Eines allein ist unzureichend. Wenn man diese These akzeptiert, rückt die Frage in den Mittelpunkt, wie beide Forderungen zu vereinbaren sind. In dem Papier wird der Standpunkt vertreten, daß die emanzipatorischen Aspekte der beiden Paradigmata in einen umfassenden Rahmen integriert werden müssen. In dem Beitrag werden zwei Dimensionen dieses Vorhabens behandelt. Als erstes wird auf der Ebene der Moralphilosophie eine übergreifende Konzeption von Gerechtigkeit vorgeschlagen, die sowohl vertretbare Forderungen nach sozialer Gleichheit umfaßt als auch vertretbare Forderungen nach Anerkennung von Differenz. Auf der Ebene von Gesellschaftstheorie wird ein Ansatz vorgeschlagen, der den komplexen Beziehungen zwischen Interesse und Identität, Ökonomie und Kultur sowie Klasse und Status in der heutigen globalisierten, kapitalistischen Gesellschaft Rechnung trägt." (Autorenreferat)"Today, claims for social justice seem to divide into two types: claims for the redistribution of resources and claims for the recognition of cultural difference. Increasingly, these two kind of claims are polarized against one another. As a result, we are asked to choose between class politics and identity politics, social democracy and multiculturalism, redistribution and recognition. These, however, are false antitheses. Justice today requires both redistribution and recognition. Neither alone is sufficient. As soon as one embraces this thesis, however, the question of how to combine them becomes paramount. I contend that the emancipatory aspects of the two paradigms need to be integrated in a single, comprehensive framework. In this lecture, I consider two dimensions of this project. First, on the plane of moral philosophy, I propose an overarching conception of justice that can accomodate both defensible claims for social equality and defensible claims for the recognition of difference. Second, on the plane of social theory, I propose an approach that can accomodate the complex relations between interest and identity, economy and culture, class and status in contemporary globalizing capitalist society." (author's abstract