Language of Lullabies: The Russification and De-Russification of the Baltic States

This article argues that the laws for promotion of the national languages are a legitimate means for the Baltic states to establish their cultural independence from Russia and the former Soviet Union

A Stable Polyaniline-Benzoquinone-Hydroquinone Supercapacitor

A Polyaniline‐Supercapacitor with quinone electrolytes remains stable over 50 000 galvanostatic charge‐discharge cycles. The quinones provide superior stability by preventing the conversion of porous polyaniline to a highly reactive state. Our work shows that highly stable polymer‐supercapacitors can be engineered by combining electrochemically active polymers and redox‐active electrolytes with concerted electrochemical properties

A Stable Polyaniline-Benzoquinone-Hydroquinone Supercapacitor

A Polyaniline‐Supercapacitor with quinone electrolytes remains stable over 50 000 galvanostatic charge‐discharge cycles. The quinones provide superior stability by preventing the conversion of porous polyaniline to a highly reactive state. Our work shows that highly stable polymer‐supercapacitors can be engineered by combining electrochemically active polymers and redox‐active electrolytes with concerted electrochemical properties

A High Capacity Calcium Primary Cell Based on the Ca–S System

Conversion reaction cells afford the ability to explore new energy storage paradigms that transcend the dogma of small, low‐charge cations essential to intercalative processes. Here we report the use of earth‐abundant and green calcium and sulfur in unprecedented conversion reaction Ca–S primary cells. Using S‐infiltrated mesoporous carbon (abbreviated S@meso‐C) cathodes, we achieve discharge capacities as high as 600 mAh g^(−1) (S basis) within the geometry Ca|Ca(ClO_4)_2/CH_3CN|S@meso‐C, at a discharge rate of C/3.5. The electrolyte system in the Ca–S battery is of paramount importance as the solid electrolyte interface (SEI) formed on the Ca anode limits the capacity and stability of the cell. We determine that 0.5 M Ca(ClO_4)_2 in CH_3CN forms an SEI that advantageously breaks down under anodic bias to allow oxidation of the anode. This same SEI, however, exhibits high impedance which increases over time at open circuit limiting the shelf life of the cell

A High Capacity Calcium Primary Cell Based on the Ca–S System

Conversion reaction cells afford the ability to explore new energy storage paradigms that transcend the dogma of small, low‐charge cations essential to intercalative processes. Here we report the use of earth‐abundant and green calcium and sulfur in unprecedented conversion reaction Ca–S primary cells. Using S‐infiltrated mesoporous carbon (abbreviated S@meso‐C) cathodes, we achieve discharge capacities as high as 600 mAh g^(−1) (S basis) within the geometry Ca|Ca(ClO_4)_2/CH_3CN|S@meso‐C, at a discharge rate of C/3.5. The electrolyte system in the Ca–S battery is of paramount importance as the solid electrolyte interface (SEI) formed on the Ca anode limits the capacity and stability of the cell. We determine that 0.5 M Ca(ClO_4)_2 in CH_3CN forms an SEI that advantageously breaks down under anodic bias to allow oxidation of the anode. This same SEI, however, exhibits high impedance which increases over time at open circuit limiting the shelf life of the cell