Nettisivukonsepti Adja Design -koruyritykselle

Työssä kuvataan nettisivukonseptin suunnittelua ja kehittämistä korualan yritykselle Adja Design. Yrityksen tausta esitellään lyhyesti ja miten projekti eteni yritysideasta opinnäytetyöksi. Työhön kuuluu nettimarkkinoinnin periaatteiden tutkimista ja niiden soveltamista Adjalle sopivaksi ja muiden korualan yritysten nettisivujen ulkoasun analysointia. Adjan nettisivujen luonnostelu sekä konseptin kuvaus ja esittely ovat työn pääosassa. Liitteenä työssä on ulkopuolisen ohjelmistosuunnittelijan antama arvio ja palaute.The thesis describes the development and design of a website concept for the jewelry company Adja design. The company’s background was also explored briefly. In addition, the process how the project progressed from a business idea to a thesis work was studied. Moreover, the online marketing principles and applying them to Adja were contemplated. The webpage layouts of other jewelry companies were examined, too. The main focus of the thesis was on sketching the Adja website and describing and presenting the concept. Feedback and assessment from a third party, namely a software designer, is included as an attachment into the thesis report

Helsingin, Espoon, Kauniaisten ja Vantaan kalleimpien asuinalueiden eroavaisuudet ja niiden syyt

Peer reviewe

Virus-Encapsulated DNA Origami Nanostructures for Cellular Delivery

Peer reviewe

The performance comparison of active and passive funds during financial turmoil : Evidence from the Finnish, North American & European markets

This thesis investigates the effects of passive and active portfolio management on the perfor- mance and cost structures of mutual funds, with an additional focus on returns compared to benchmark indices during the 2019-2024 financial turmoil. The study examines how active port- folio management, and its related costs affect mutual fund performance. The study also analyses the returns and volatility of selected funds to their benchmark indexes between November 1, 2014, and October 31, 2024. All data for the funds in this study have been collected from the LSEG Datastream service. The data focuses exclusively on mutual funds available to retail investors, and all returns are calcu- lated in euros to achieve consistency and comparability between funds and indices. Exchange- traded funds (ETFs) are excluded from the analysis, which limits the analysis to traditional mu- tual funds. Key performance measures include return rates and risk-adjusted measures such as Sharpe ratio, Treynor ratio, information ratio, and Jensen's alpha, which allow for a comprehen- sive assessment of risk-adjusted returns. The study found that passive funds consistently outperformed active funds regarding cost efficiency, risk-adjusted returns, and alignment with benchmark performance. While active funds occasionally offered opportunities for outperformance in specific contexts, their higher costs and inherent risks made them less favorable for the average retail investor. These findings underscored the value of passive funds as a reliable, cost-effective investment option for achieving long-term financial goals.Tässä tutkielmassa tutkitaan passiivisen ja aktiivisen salkunhoidon vaikutuksia sijoitusrahastojen suorituskykyyn ja kustannusrakenteeseen, ja lisäksi keskitytään tuottoihin verrattuna vertailuin- dekseihin vuosien 2019–2024 rahoitusmarkkinoiden myllerryksen aikana. Tutkimuksessa tarkas- tellaan, miten aktiivinen salkunhoito ja siihen liittyvät kustannukset vaikuttavat sijoitusrahasto- jen tuottoon. Tutkimuksessa analysoidaan myös valittujen rahastojen tuottoja ja volatiliteettia suhteessa vertailuindekseihin 1. marraskuuta 2014 ja 31. lokakuuta 2024 välisenä aikana. Kaikki tiedot tässä tutkimuksessa tarkastelluista rahastoista on kerätty LSEG Datastream -palve- lusta. Tiedot keskittyvät yksinomaan yksityissijoittajien saatavilla oleviin sijoitusrahastoihin, ja kaikki tuotot on laskettu euroina rahastojen ja indeksien välisen johdonmukaisuuden ja vertai- lukelpoisuuden saavuttamiseksi. Pörssinoteeratut rahastot (ETF) on jätetty analyysin ulkopuo- lelle, mikä rajoittaa analyysin perinteisiin sijoitusrahastoihin. Keskeisiä suorituskykymittareita ovat tuottoprosentit ja riskikorjatut mittarit, kuten Sharpe ratio, Treynor ratio, information ratio, ja Jensen's alpha, jotka mahdollistavat riskikorjattujen tuottojen kattavan arvioinnin. Tutkimuksessa todettiin, että passiiviset rahastot olivat jatkuvasti parempia kuin aktiiviset ra- hastot kustannustehokkuuden, riskikorjatun tuoton ja vertailuindeksille pärjäämisen osalta. Vaikka aktiiviset rahastot tarjosivatkin toisinaan mahdollisuuksia paremmalle tuotolle tietyissä tilanteissa, niiden korkeammat kustannukset ja luontaiset riskit tekivät niistä epäedullisempia keskivertosijoittajalle. Nämä havainnot korostivat passiivisten rahastojen arvoa luotettavana ja kustannustehokkaana sijoitusvaihtoehtona pitkän aikavälin taloudellisten tavoitteiden saavut- tamiseksi

Defective minor spliceosome mRNA processing results in isolated familial growth hormone deficiency

The molecular basis of a significant number of cases of isolated growth hormone deficiency remains unknown. We describe three sisters affected with severe isolated growth hormone deficiency and pituitary hypoplasia caused by biallelic mutations in the RNPC3 gene, which codes for a minor spliceosome protein required for U11/U12 small nuclear ribonucleoprotein (snRNP) formation and splicing of U12-type introns. We found anomalies in U11/U12 di-snRNP formation and in splicing of multiple U12-type introns in patient cells. Defective transcripts include preprohormone convertases SPCS2 and SPCS3 and actin-related ARPC5L genes, which are candidates for the somatotroph-restricted dysfunction. The reported novel mechanism for familial growth hormone deficiency demonstrates that general mRNA processing defects of the minor spliceosome can lead to very narrow tissue-specific consequences.Peer reviewe

The integrity of the U12 snRNA 3 ' stem-loop is necessary for its overall stability

Disruption of minor spliceosome functions underlies several genetic diseases with mutations in the minor spliceosome-specific small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs) and proteins. Here, we define the molecular outcome of the U12 snRNA mutation (84C>U) resulting in an early-onset form of cerebellar ataxia. To understand the molecular consequences of the U12 snRNA mutation, we created cell lines harboring the 84C>T mutation in the U12 snRNA gene (RNU12). We show that the 84C>U mutation leads to accelerated decay of the snRNA, resulting in significantly reduced steady-state U12 snRNA levels. Additionally, the mutation leads to accumulation of 3 '-truncated forms of U12 snRNA, which have undergone the cytoplasmic steps of snRNP biogenesis. Our data suggests that the 84C>U-mutant snRNA is targeted for decay following reimport into the nucleus, and that the U12 snRNA fragments are decay intermediates that result from the stalling of a 3 '-to-5 ' exonuclease. Finally, we show that several other single-nucleotide variants in the 3 ' stem-loop of U12 snRNA that are segregating in the human population are also highly destabilizing. This suggests that the 3 ' stem-loop is important for the overall stability of the U12 snRNA and that additional disease-causing mutations are likely to exist in this region.Peer reviewe

IntEREst: Intron-exon retention estimator

Background: In-depth study of the intron retention levels of transcripts provide insights on the mechanisms regulating pre-mRNA splicing efficiency. Additionally, detailed analysis of retained introns can link these introns to post-transcriptional regulation or identify aberrant splicing events in human diseases. Results: We present IntEREst, Intron-Exon Retention Estimator, an R package that supports rigorous analysis of non-annotated intron retention events (in addition to the ones annotated by RefSeq or similar databases), and support intra-sample in addition to inter-sample comparisons. It accepts binary sequence alignment/map (.bam) files as input and determines genome-wide estimates of intron retention or exon-exon junction levels. Moreover, it includes functions for comparing subsets of user-defined introns (e.g. U12-type vs U2-type) and its plotting functions allow visualization of the distribution of the retention levels of the introns. Statistical methods are adapted from the DESeq2, edgeR and DEXSeq R packages to extract the significantly more or less retained introns. Analyses can be performed either sequentially (on single core) or in parallel (on multiple cores). We used IntEREst to investigate the U12- and U2-type intron retention in human and plant RNAseq dataset with defects in the U12-dependent spliceosome due to mutations in the ZRSR2 component of this spliceosome. Additionally, we compared the retained introns discovered by IntEREst with that of other methods and studies. Conclusion: IntEREst is an R package for Intron retention and exon-exon junction levels analysis of RNA-seq data. Both the human and plant analyses show that the U12-type introns are retained at higher level compared to the U2-type introns already in the control samples, but the retention is exacerbated in patient or plant samples carrying a mutated ZRSR2 gene. Intron retention events caused by ZRSR2 mutation that we discovered using IntEREst (DESeq2 based function) show considerable overlap with the retained introns discovered by other methods (e.g. IRFinder and edgeR based function of IntEREst). Our results indicate that increase in both the number of biological replicates and the depth of sequencing library promote the discovery of retained introns, but the effect of library size gradually decreases with more than 35 million reads mapped to the introns.Peer reviewe