ANALISA KECEPATAN ALIRAN MASUK TERHADAP NILAI TOTAL SUSPENDED SOLID (TSS) PADA OVERFLOW HYDROCYCLONE MENGGUNAKAN METODE COMPUTATIONAL FLUID DYNAMIC (CFD) PADA PT.PLN (PERSERO) PEMBANGKITAN TANJUNG JATI B UNIT 3 DAN 4

Limbah cair coal yard merupakan kontributor besar kandungan TSS utama pada Waste Water Treatment Plant (WWP).Limbah cair tersebut tidak dapat langsung dibuang ke laut, karena nilaiTSS pada limbah masih tinggi.Untuk mengurangi beban kerja di WWTP akibat TSS tersebut, kemudian muncul gagasan pemasangan hydrocyclone untuk menggantikan peran WWTP.Untuk merealisasikan pemasangan hydrocyclone dan menghemat biaya pemasangan dapat dilakukan terlebih dahulu dengan pendekatan permodelan menggunakan metode Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD).Pada tulisan ini akan dibahas pengaruh kecepatan terhadap persentase pemisahan partikel untuk mengurangi nilai TSSoverflow pada hydrocyclone menggunakan Aplikasi Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD). Variasi kecepatan dilakukan untuk mengetahui pengaruhnya terhadap persentase pemisahan partikel. Variasi kecepatan yang digunakan yaitu 4,066 m/s, 4,513 m/s, 4,841 m/s, 5,083 m/s, 6,861 m/s dan 10,674 m/s. Dari hasil simulasi didapatkan bahwa variasikecepatan cukup berpengaruh terhadap persentase pemisahan partikel, dimana semakin tinggi kecepatan inletmaka persentase pemisahan partikel semakin besar. Pada Tugas Akhir ini nilai effisiensi terbaik dari hasil simulasi hydrocyclone terjadi pada kecepatan 6,861 m/s dengan nilai effisiensi 77,02 %, sehingga untuk memperoleh nilai TSS yang dihasilkan 100 mg/L maka nilai TSS yang harus dimasukkan sebesar 435,161 mg/l, agar tidak mencemari lingkungan.   Kata kunci : Kecepatan, Hydrocyclone, CFD, TS

Développement de nouveaux catalyseurs hétérogènes par modification de polymères issus de la biomasse

La siguiente tesis gira en torno al uso de biopolímeros renovables, ilustrado por la valorización de los residuos de cáscara de cáscara en el campo de la ciencia de los materiales y la catálisis y su tema se ocupa específicamente de tres aspectos: La asociación a nanoescala de quitosano con materiales en capas 2D Para generar estructuras novedosas, la optimización de la reactividad de la esfera externa de quitosano para estabilizar nanopartículas activas y el uso de quitosano pirolizado en condiciones específicas para generar materiales a base de grafeno. En la primera sección, la capacidad del quitosano para proporcionar grupos de amonio catiónicos explotados para proporcionar tanto quitosano-arcilla y óxido de quitosano-grafeno, por asociación de quitosano con arcilla y óxido de grafeno, respectivamente. Tanto las películas delgadas como las microesferas porosas se examinaron con especial énfasis en su estabilidad bajo condiciones de reacción agresivas. En la segunda sección, los grupos amina de quitosano nativo se funcionalizan con pequeños bloques de construcción para generar perlas porosas de quitosano terminadas en tiol y terminadas con imina. La presencia de estos diferentes ligandos permite afinar la coordinación de paladio alrededor de las microesferas durante su actividad catalítica para la catálisis de acoplamiento cruzado. La inmovilización de nanopartículas de cobre permite el acceso a un catalizador altamente activo para las reacciones de acoplamiento C-S. En la última sección, la grafitización con quitosano proporciona materiales de grafeno que contienen nitrógeno de alta calidad. Estas láminas se pueden decorar fácilmente con nanopartículas de cobre allí proporcionando los catalizadores activos para la oxidación de C-O y el acoplamiento propargylic A3 de tres componentes. El crecimiento racional del cobre a partir de la solución de quitosano grafítico permite el aislamiento de partículas orientadas. El crecimiento racional del cobre a partir de la solución de quitosano grafítico permite el aislamiento de partículas orientadas. Estos nuevos catalizadores exhiben actividad de pie para la síntesis de guanidina.The following thesis revolves around the use of renewable biopolymers, illustrated by valorisation of chitosan shell-fish waste in the field of materials science and catalysis and its subject deals specifically with three aspects : The association at the nanoscale of chitosan with layered 2-D materials to generate novel structures, the optimisation of chitosan's outer-sphere reactivity to stabilize active nanoparticules and the use of pyrolyzed chitosan under specific conditions to generate graphene-based materials. In the first section, the ability of chitosan to provide cationic ammonium groups exploited to provide both chitosan-clay and chitosan-graphene oxide, by association of chitosan with clay and graphene oxide, respectively. Both thin-films and porous microspheres were examined with a special emphasis to their stability under harsh reaction conditions. In the second section, the amine groups of native chitosan are functionalized with small building blocks to generate thiol-terminated and imine-terminated chitosan porous beads. The presence of these different ligands allows to tune the palladium coordination around the microspheres during their catalytic activity for cross-coupling catalysis. Immobilisation of copper nanoparticles enables access to highly active catalyst for C-S coupling reactions. In the last section, chitosan graphitisation provides high-quality nitrogen-containing graphene materials. These sheets can be easily decorated with copper nanoparticles there by providing active catalysts for C-O oxidation and three-components propargylic A3 coupling. The rational growth of copper from the graphitic chitosan solution enables the isolation of oriented particles. The rational growth of copper from the graphitic chitosan solution enables the isolation of oriented particles. These novel catalysts exhibits out standing activity for guanidine synthesis.La següent tesi gira entorn a l'ús de biopolímers renovables, il·lustrats per la valorització dels residus de closca de quitosà en el camp de la ciència dels materials i la catàlisi i el seu tema tracta específicament de tres aspectes: L'associació a la nanoescala de quitosà amb materials 2-D en capes per generar estructures novedoses, l'optimització de la reactivitat de l'esfera exterior de la quitosana per estabilitzar les nanopartícules actives i l'ús de quitosà piròlica en condicions específiques per generar materials basats en grafè. En la primera secció, la capacitat del quitosan per proporcionar grups amoni catiònics explotats per aportar tant òxid de quitosana com argila i quitosana, per associació de quitosà amb argila i òxid de grafeno, respectivament. Tant les pel·lícules primes com les microesferes poroses van ser examinades amb especial èmfasi en la seva estabilitat sota condicions de reacció dures. A la segona secció, els grups d'amina de quitosà nadiu es funcionalitzen amb petits blocs de construcció per generar comptes porosos de quitosà terminats en tiol i acabats amb imina. La presència d'aquests diferents lligands permet sintonitzar la coordinació del pal·liari entorn de les microesferes durant la seva activitat catalítica per a la catàlisi d'acoblament creuat. La immobilització de nanopartícules de coure permet l'accés a un catalitzador altament actiu per a les reaccions d'acoblament C-S. En l'últim apartat, la grafitisção de quitosà proporciona materials d'alta qualitat que contenen nitrogen. Aquests fulls es poden decorar fàcilment amb nanopartícules de coure allà proporcionant catalitzadors actius per a l'oxidació C-O i l'acoblament A3 propargílic de tres components. El creixement racional del coure a partir de la solució gràfica de quitosà permet l'aïllament de partícules orientades. El creixement racional del coure a partir de la solució gràfica de quitosà permet l'aïllament de partícules orientades. Aquests nous catalitzadors presenten activitat permanent per a la síntesi de guanidina.Frindy, S. (2018). Développement de nouveaux catalyseurs hétérogènes par modification de polymères issus de la biomasse [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/98664TESI

Program Televisi Talk Show Fashion Find Your Style

Program televisi ini merupakan tayangan yang mengangkat tema seputar fesyen. Program Find Your Style ini akan dipandu oleh dua orang host yang akan berbincang dengan narasumber untuk membahas fesyen sesuai dengan masingmasing tema episode. Program Find Your Style ini hadir dengan pengemasan yang informatif dan menarik. Dengan menerapkan kaidah jurnalistik, program ini akan menghadirkan beberapa konten di tiap segmennya. Konten tersebut diantaranya fashionpedia, world fashion trending, liputan, vox-pop, talk show dan tips & trick seputar tema fesyen dari masing-masing episode. Program ini bertujuan untuk menghibur serta mengedukasi masyarakat tentang fesyen secara mendalam dan dikemas dengan audio-visual yang menarik. Selain itu, program ini juga bertujuan untuk memberikan referensi kepada masyarakat bahwa fesyen tidak selalu identik dengan barang yang mahal dan mewah. Hasil karya ini nantinya dapat ditayangkan di televisi dengan format magazine show guna membantu masyarakat dalam pemahaman tentang fesyen

Pd embedded in chitosan microspheres as tunable soft-materials for Sonogashira cross-coupling in water-ethanol mixture

Easy shaping of chitosan (CS) as porous self-standing nanofibrillar microspheres allows their use as a palladium carrier. Amino-groups on CS enable the modulation of Pd coordination, giving rise to three different support-catalyst interactions: weakly-coordinated Pd-CS in native CS, incarcerated Pd-CS-Glu in cross-linked CS and strongly-ligated Pd-CS-SH, obtained by the introduction of thiol arms in CS. These catalysts efficiently promote Sonogashira cross-coupling of a large library of functional substrates under mild and sustainable conditions (water-ethanol as solvent at 65 degrees C) and stand as recyclable, metal-scavenging catalytic systems.Frindy, S.; Primo Arnau, AM.; Lahcini, M.; Bousmina, M.; García Gómez, H.; El Kadib, A. (2015). Pd embedded in chitosan microspheres as tunable soft-materials for Sonogashira cross-coupling in water-ethanol mixture. Green Chemistry. 17(3):1893-1898. doi:10.1039/c4gc02175dS18931898173Johansson Seechurn, C. C. C., Kitching, M. O., Colacot, T. J., & Snieckus, V. (2012). Palladium-Catalyzed Cross-Coupling: A Historical Contextual Perspective to the 2010 Nobel Prize. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 51(21), 5062-5085. doi:10.1002/anie.201107017Sehnal, P., Taylor, R. J. K., & Fairlamb, I. J. S. (2010). Emergence of Palladium(IV) Chemistry in Synthesis and Catalysis. Chemical Reviews, 110(2), 824-889. doi:10.1021/cr9003242Torborg, C., & Beller, M. (2009). Recent Applications of Palladium-Catalyzed Coupling Reactions in the Pharmaceutical, Agrochemical, and Fine Chemical Industries. Advanced Synthesis & Catalysis, 351(18), 3027-3043. doi:10.1002/adsc.200900587Hartwig, J. F. (2008). Carbon–heteroatom bond formation catalysed by organometallic complexes. Nature, 455(7211), 314-322. doi:10.1038/nature07369Loska, R., Volla, C. M. R., & Vogel, P. (2008). Iron-Catalyzed Mizoroki-Heck Cross-Coupling Reaction with Styrenes. Advanced Synthesis & Catalysis, 350(18), 2859-2864. doi:10.1002/adsc.200800662Sun, C.-L., Li, B.-J., & Shi, Z.-J. (2011). Direct C−H Transformation via Iron Catalysis. Chemical Reviews, 111(3), 1293-1314. doi:10.1021/cr100198wCzaplik, W. M., Mayer, M., Cvengroš, J., & von Wangelin, A. J. (2009). Coming of Age: Sustainable Iron-Catalyzed Cross-Coupling Reactions. ChemSusChem, 2(5), 396-417. doi:10.1002/cssc.200900055Fürstner, A., Leitner, A., Méndez, M., & Krause, H. (2002). Iron-Catalyzed Cross-Coupling Reactions. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 124(46), 13856-13863. doi:10.1021/ja027190tBarluenga, J., & Valdés, C. (2011). Tosylhydrazones: New Uses for Classic Reagents in Palladium-Catalyzed Cross-Coupling and Metal-Free Reactions. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 50(33), 7486-7500. doi:10.1002/anie.201007961Yin, & Liebscher, J. (2007). Carbon−Carbon Coupling Reactions Catalyzed by Heterogeneous Palladium Catalysts. Chemical Reviews, 107(1), 133-173. doi:10.1021/cr0505674Phan, N. T. S., Van Der Sluys, M., & Jones, C. W. (2006). On the Nature of the Active Species in Palladium Catalyzed Mizoroki–Heck and Suzuki–Miyaura Couplings – Homogeneous or Heterogeneous Catalysis, A Critical Review. Advanced Synthesis & Catalysis, 348(6), 609-679. doi:10.1002/adsc.200505473Weck, M., & Jones, C. W. (2007). Mizoroki−Heck Coupling Using Immobilized Molecular Precatalysts:  Leaching Active Species from Pd Pincers, Entrapped Pd Salts, and Pd NHC Complexes. Inorganic Chemistry, 46(6), 1865-1875. doi:10.1021/ic061898hWEBB, J., MACQUARRIE, S., MCELENEY, K., & CRUDDEN, C. (2007). Mesoporous silica-supported Pd catalysts: An investigation into structure, activity, leaching and heterogeneity. Journal of Catalysis, 252(1), 97-109. doi:10.1016/j.jcat.2007.09.007Garrett, C. E., & Prasad, K. (2004). The Art of Meeting Palladium Specifications in Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients Produced by Pd-Catalyzed Reactions. Advanced Synthesis & Catalysis, 346(8), 889-900. doi:10.1002/adsc.200404071Glasspoole, B. W., Webb, J. D., & Crudden, C. M. (2009). Catalysis with chemically modified mesoporous silicas: Stability of the mesostructure under Suzuki–Miyaura reaction conditions. Journal of Catalysis, 265(2), 148-154. doi:10.1016/j.jcat.2009.04.020Modak, A., Mondal, J., & Bhaumik, A. (2012). Pd-grafted periodic mesoporous organosilica: an efficient heterogeneous catalyst for Hiyama and Sonogashira couplings, and cyanation reactions. Green Chemistry, 14(10), 2840. doi:10.1039/c2gc35820dMacquarrie, D. J., & Hardy, J. J. E. (2005). Applications of Functionalized Chitosan in Catalysis†. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 44(23), 8499-8520. doi:10.1021/ie050007vA. El Kadib , ChemSusChem20158217244El Kadib, A., Primo, A., Molvinger, K., Bousmina, M., & Brunel, D. (2011). Nanosized Vanadium, Tungsten and Molybdenum Oxide Clusters Grown in Porous Chitosan Microspheres as Promising Hybrid Materials for Selective Alcohol Oxidation. Chemistry – A European Journal, 17(28), 7940-7946. doi:10.1002/chem.201003740El Kadib, A., & Bousmina, M. (2012). Chitosan Bio-Based Organic-Inorganic Hybrid Aerogel Microspheres. Chemistry - A European Journal, 18(27), 8264-8277. doi:10.1002/chem.201104006Kadib, A. E., Bousmina, M., & Brunel, D. (2014). Recent Progress in Chitosan Bio-Based Soft Nanomaterials. Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, 14(1), 308-331. doi:10.1166/jnn.2014.9012Primo, A., & Quignard, F. (2010). Chitosan as efficient porous support for dispersion of highly active gold nanoparticles: design of hybrid catalyst for carbon–carbon bond formation. Chemical Communications, 46(30), 5593. doi:10.1039/c0cc01137aValentin, R., Molvinger, K., Quignard, F., & Brunel, D. (2003). Supercritical CO2 dried chitosan: an efficient intrinsic heterogeneous catalyst in fine chemistry. New Journal of Chemistry, 27(12), 1690. doi:10.1039/b310109fPrimo, A., Atienzar, P., Sanchez, E., Delgado, J. M., & García, H. (2012). From biomass wastes to large-area, high-quality, N-doped graphene: catalyst-free carbonization of chitosan coatings on arbitrary substrates. Chemical Communications, 48(74), 9254. doi:10.1039/c2cc34978gNgah, W. S. W., Ab Ghani, S., & Kamari, A. (2005). Adsorption behaviour of Fe(II) and Fe(III) ions in aqueous solution on chitosan and cross-linked chitosan beads. Bioresource Technology, 96(4), 443-450. doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2004.05.022El Hankari, S., El Kadib, A., Finiels, A., Bouhaouss, A., Moreau, J. J. E., Crudden, C. M., … Hesemann, P. (2011). SBA-15-Type Organosilica with 4-Mercapto-N,N-bis-(3-Si-propyl)butanamide for Palladium Scavenging and Cross-Coupling Catalysis. Chemistry - A European Journal, 17(32), 8984-8994. doi:10.1002/chem.201002190Crudden, C. M., Sateesh, M., & Lewis, R. (2005). Mercaptopropyl-Modified Mesoporous Silica:  A Remarkable Support for the Preparation of a Reusable, Heterogeneous Palladium Catalyst for Coupling Reactions. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 127(28), 10045-10050. doi:10.1021/ja0430954McEleney, K., Crudden, C. M., & Horton, J. H. (2009). X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy and the Auger Parameter As Tools for Characterization of Silica-Supported Pd Catalysts for the Suzuki−Miyaura Reaction. The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 113(5), 1901-1907. doi:10.1021/jp808837kRoy, A. S., Mondal, J., Banerjee, B., Mondal, P., Bhaumik, A., & Islam, S. M. (2014). Pd-grafted porous metal–organic framework material as an efficient and reusable heterogeneous catalyst for C–C coupling reactions in water. Applied Catalysis A: General, 469, 320-327. doi:10.1016/j.apcata.2013.10.017Kadib, A. E., Molvinger, K., Cacciaguerra, T., Bousmina, M., & Brunel, D. (2011). Chitosan templated synthesis of porous metal oxide microspheres with filamentary nanostructures. Microporous and Mesoporous Materials, 142(1), 301-307. doi:10.1016/j.micromeso.2010.12.012Kühbeck, D., Saidulu, G., Reddy, K. R., & Díaz, D. D. (2012). Critical assessment of the efficiency of chitosan biohydrogel beads as recyclable and heterogeneous organocatalyst for C–C bond formation. Green Chem., 14(2), 378-392. doi:10.1039/c1gc15925aKhalafi-Nezhad, A., & Mohammadi, S. (2014). Chitosan supported ionic liquid: a recyclable wet and dry catalyst for the direct conversion of aldehydes into nitriles and amides under mild conditions. RSC Advances, 4(27), 13782. doi:10.1039/c3ra43440kEl Kadib, A., McEleney, K., Seki, T., Wood, T. K., & Crudden, C. M. (2011). Cross-Coupling in the Preparation of Pharmaceutically Relevant Substrates using Palladium Supported on Functionalized Mesoporous Silicas. ChemCatChem, 3(8), 1281-1285. doi:10.1002/cctc.20110002

Selective photocatalytic benzene hydroxylation to phenol using surface- modified Cu2O supported on graphene

[EN] The photocatalytic activity for benzene hydroxylation to phenol by hydrogen peroxide has been evaluated using a series of photocatalysts based on defective graphene. The series includes defective graphene containing or not Au and Cu2O nanoparticles. The latter exhibits the highest activity, but a very low phenol yield as a consequence of the occurrence of a large degree of mineralization. A considerable increase in phenol selectivity was achieved by modifying the surface of the Cu2O nanoparticles supported on defective graphene with long-chain alkanethiols. Under the optimal conditions using an octanethiol-modified Cu2O-graphene photocatalyst, a selectivity to phenol of about 64% at 30% benzene conversion was achieved. This remarkable selectivity was proposed to derive from the larger hydrophobicity of the alkanethiol-modified Cu2O-graphene photocatalyst that favors the preferential benzene adsorption versus adsorption of phenol and hydroxybenzenes.J. H. thanks the Chinese Scholarship Council for a graduate scholarship. Financial support by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (Severo Ochoa, CTQ2015-69653-CO2-R1 and Grapas) and Generalitat Valenciana (Prometeo 2017-083) is gratefully acknowledged. This work was also supported by NSFC (21872031, U1705251) and 973 Program (2014CB239303) of P. R. China.He, J.; Zhang, M.; Primo Arnau, AM.; García Gómez, H.; Li, Z. (2018). Selective photocatalytic benzene hydroxylation to phenol using surface- modified Cu2O supported on graphene. Journal of Materials Chemistry A. 6(40):19782-19787. https://doi.org/10.1039/c8ta07095dS1978219787640Xiang, Q., Yu, J., & Jaroniec, M. (2012). Graphene-based semiconductor photocatalysts. Chem. Soc. Rev., 41(2), 782-796. doi:10.1039/c1cs15172jZhang, N., Zhang, Y., & Xu, Y.-J. (2012). Recent progress on graphene-based photocatalysts: current status and future perspectives. Nanoscale, 4(19), 5792. doi:10.1039/c2nr31480kNourbakhsh, A., Cantoro, M., Vosch, T., Pourtois, G., Clemente, F., van der Veen, M. H., … Sels, B. F. (2010). Bandgap opening in oxygen plasma-treated graphene. Nanotechnology, 21(43), 435203. doi:10.1088/0957-4484/21/43/435203Putri, L. K., Ong, W.-J., Chang, W. S., & Chai, S.-P. (2015). Heteroatom doped graphene in photocatalysis: A review. Applied Surface Science, 358, 2-14. doi:10.1016/j.apsusc.2015.08.177Wang, X., Sun, G., Routh, P., Kim, D.-H., Huang, W., & Chen, P. (2014). Heteroatom-doped graphene materials: syntheses, properties and applications. Chem. Soc. Rev., 43(20), 7067-7098. doi:10.1039/c4cs00141aYeh, T.-F., Teng, C.-Y., Chen, S.-J., & Teng, H. (2014). Nitrogen-Doped Graphene Oxide Quantum Dots as Photocatalysts for Overall Water-Splitting under Visible Light Illumination. Advanced Materials, 26(20), 3297-3303. doi:10.1002/adma.201305299Chen, D., Zhang, H., Liu, Y., & Li, J. (2013). Graphene and its derivatives for the development of solar cells, photoelectrochemical, and photocatalytic applications. Energy & Environmental Science, 6(5), 1362. doi:10.1039/c3ee23586fIwase, A., Ng, Y. H., Ishiguro, Y., Kudo, A., & Amal, R. (2011). Reduced Graphene Oxide as a Solid-State Electron Mediator in Z-Scheme Photocatalytic Water Splitting under Visible Light. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 133(29), 11054-11057. doi:10.1021/ja203296zQu, D., Zheng, M., Du, P., Zhou, Y., Zhang, L., Li, D., … Sun, Z. (2013). Highly luminescent S, N co-doped graphene quantum dots with broad visible absorption bands for visible light photocatalysts. Nanoscale, 5(24), 12272. doi:10.1039/c3nr04402eXu, Y., Mo, Y., Tian, J., Wang, P., Yu, H., & Yu, J. (2016). The synergistic effect of graphitic N and pyrrolic N for the enhanced photocatalytic performance of nitrogen-doped graphene/TiO2 nanocomposites. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 181, 810-817. doi:10.1016/j.apcatb.2015.08.049Li, X., Yu, J., Wageh, S., Al-Ghamdi, A. A., & Xie, J. (2016). Graphene in Photocatalysis: A Review. Small, 12(48), 6640-6696. doi:10.1002/smll.201600382Liang, Y. T., Vijayan, B. K., Gray, K. A., & Hersam, M. C. (2011). Minimizing Graphene Defects Enhances Titania Nanocomposite-Based Photocatalytic Reduction of CO2for Improved Solar Fuel Production. Nano Letters, 11(7), 2865-2870. doi:10.1021/nl2012906Dhakshinamoorthy, A., Primo, A., Concepcion, P., Alvaro, M., & Garcia, H. (2013). Doped Graphene as a Metal-Free Carbocatalyst for the Selective Aerobic Oxidation of Benzylic Hydrocarbons, Cyclooctane and Styrene. Chemistry - A European Journal, 19(23), 7547-7554. doi:10.1002/chem.201300653Primo, A., Atienzar, P., Sanchez, E., Delgado, J. M., & García, H. (2012). From biomass wastes to large-area, high-quality, N-doped graphene: catalyst-free carbonization of chitosan coatings on arbitrary substrates. Chemical Communications, 48(74), 9254. doi:10.1039/c2cc34978gPrimo, A., Sánchez, E., Delgado, J. M., & García, H. (2014). High-yield production of N-doped graphitic platelets by aqueous exfoliation of pyrolyzed chitosan. Carbon, 68, 777-783. doi:10.1016/j.carbon.2013.11.068Dhakshinamoorthy, A., Latorre-Sanchez, M., Asiri, A. M., Primo, A., & Garcia, H. (2015). Sulphur-doped graphene as metal-free carbocatalysts for the solventless aerobic oxidation of styrenes. Catalysis Communications, 65, 10-13. doi:10.1016/j.catcom.2015.02.018Esteve-Adell, I., Crapart, B., Primo, A., Serp, P., & Garcia, H. (2017). Aqueous phase reforming of glycerol using doped graphenes as metal-free catalysts. Green Chemistry, 19(13), 3061-3068. doi:10.1039/c7gc01058cPrimo, A., Neatu, F., Florea, M., Parvulescu, V., & Garcia, H. (2014). Graphenes in the absence of metals as carbocatalysts for selective acetylene hydrogenation and alkene hydrogenation. 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Insightful understanding of the role of clay topology on the stability of biomimetic hybrid chitosan-clay thin films and CO2-dried porous aerogel microspheres

[EN] Three natural clay-based microstructures, namely layered montmorillonite (MMT), nanotubular halloysite (HNT) and micro-fibrillar sepiolite (SP) were used for the synthesis of hybrid chitosan-clay thin films and porous aerogel microspheres. At a first glance, a decrease in the viscosity of the three gel forming solutions was noticed as a result of breaking the mutual polymeric chains interaction by the clay microstructure. Upon casting, chitosan-clay films displayed enhanced hydrophilicity in the order CS < CS-MMT < CS-HNT < CS-SP. Irrespective to the clay microstructure, an improvement in the mechanical properties of the chitosan-clay films has been substantiated with CS-SP reaching the highest value at 5% clay loading. While clay addition provides a way to resist the shrinkage occurring for native chitosan, the enhanced hydrophilicity associated to the water content affects the efficacy of the CO2 super-critical drying as the most hydrophilic CS-SP microspheres face the highest shrinkage, resulting in a lowest specific surface area compared to CS-HNT and CS-MMT. Chitosan-clay exhibits enhanced thermal properties with the degradation delayed in the order CS < CS-MMT < CS-HNT < CS-SP. Under acidic environment, a longevity has been substantiated for chitosan-clay compared to native chitosan, evidencing the beneficial protective effect of the clay particulates for the biopolymer. However, under hydrothermal treatment, the presence of clay was found to be detrimental to the material stability as a significant shrinkage occurs in hybrid CS-clay microspheres, which is attributed again to their increased hydrophilicity compared to the native polymeric microspheres. In this framework, a peculiar behavior was observed for CS-MMT, with the microspheres standing both against contraction during CO2 gel drying and under hydrothermal conditions. The knowledge gained from this rational design will constitute a guideline toward the preparation of ultra-stable, practically-optimized food-packaging films and commercially scalable porous bio-based adsorbents.S. F thanks MAScIR foundation, CNRST and Erasmus Mundus-Maghreb & Egypt- EMMAG.Frindy, S.; Primo Arnau, AM.; Qaiss, AEK.; Bouhfid, R.; Lahcini, M.; García Gómez, H.; Bousmina, M.... (2016). Insightful understanding of the role of clay topology on the stability of biomimetic hybrid chitosan-clay thin films and CO2-dried porous aerogel microspheres. Carbohydrate Polymers. 146:353-361. doi:10.1016/j.cabpel.2016.03.022S35336114