Requirement analysis of a future electronic text book for schools

In einer Explorationsstudie wurde die von den Lehrenden und Lernenden gewünschte Ausstattung eines Klassenraums im Jahr 2030 erhoben. Dazu konnten die befragten Personen in einer Simulation einen leeren Klassenraum nach ihren Bedürfnissen gestalten und ausstatten mit einer Vielzahl von gegebenen Ausstattungsgegenständen. Während der Simulation wurden die Teilnehmenden zu den Gründen für die Entscheidungen befragt. Der Simulationsprozess wurde für die Auswertung aufgezeichnet. Des Weiteren wurde die von den befragten Personen präferierte Mediennutzung und das Leitmedium des Unterrichts innerhalb der Simulation untersucht, um ein elektronisches Schulbuch orientiert an den Präferenzen der Lehrenden und Lernen zu entwickeln. Hierbei stellt sich die Frage, ob in den von den befragten Personen präferierten Lernszenarien ein nicht dynamisches Buch ausreicht oder weitere Funktionen notwendig sind. Die Entwicklung eines elektronischen Schulbuchs mit interaktiven und multimedialen Inhalten kann auf der Basis der Erkenntnisse zielgruppenorientiert erfolgen, wobei sich laut der befragten Personen auch die Aufgabenkultur in einem elektronischen Schulbuch hin zu kollaborativen Aufgabenformaten weiterentwickeln sollte.The equipment of a classroom in 2030 desired by teachers and learners was gathered in an exploration study. For this purpose, the persons questioned could design and equip an empty classroom in a simulation according to their needs from a multitude of given equipment items. The participants were questioned about the reasons for the decisions during the simulation. The simulation process was recorded for the evaluation. Furthermore, the use of media preferred by the persons questioned and the main medium of the lesson within the simulation were examined in order to develop an electronic textbook orientated towards the preferences of teachers and learners – because the question arises whether a non-dynamic book is sufficient in the learning scenarios preferred by the persons questioned or whether further functions are necessary. The development of an electronic textbook with interactive and multi-media contents can take place in a goal-oriented way on the basis of the findings. In this regard, the task culture in an electronic textbook should progress towards collaborative task formats as well according to the persons questioned

Coated stainless steel 441 as interconnect material for solid oxide fuel cells: Oxidation performance and chromium evaporation

Reactive Element (RE) and RE/cobalt-coated stainless steel AISI 441 was exposed at Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) cathode conditions (850 degrees C in air with 3% water content) for up to 500 h. The chromium evaporation was measured by applying the denuder technique. Uncoated material exhibited severe spallation which could be successfully prevented by using cerium or lanthanum coatings. By applying double layer coatings of cerium or lanthanum in combination with cobalt the oxidation rate was decreased and the chromium volatilisation was also about 90% lower than the uncoated material

Betriebserkundung „online“? Geht das?

Die domänenspezifische Unterrichtsmethode der Betriebserkundung stellt einen zentralen Baustein für die Berufsorientierung von Schülerinnen und Schülern dar. Als eine Variante des Praxiskontaktes erhalten die Schüler bei einer Betriebserkundung einen Einblick in ein Unternehmen. Jedoch führt die zunehmende Zahl möglicher Ausbildungsberufe und Stu-dienmöglichkeiten dazu, dass es für junge Erwachsene heutzutage immer schwieriger wird, sich hinreichend über die verschiedenen Angebote zu informieren. Insbesondere Jugendliche aus ländlichen Regionen oder minderjährige Jugendliche stehen vor dem Problem, dass das Unternehmen, das sie gerne kennen lernen möchten oder der Beruf, der sie interessiert, nicht für sie erreichbar sind. Deswegen wird im folgenden Aufsatz die Möglichkeit einer Online-Betriebserkundung dargestellt. Ist es möglich, über das Internet einen Betrieb zu erkunden? Welche techni-schen Hilfsmittel können dafür genutzt werden? Wie kann eine Online-Betriebserkundung gestaltet werden?The domain-specific teaching method of company exploration represents a central com-ponent in the vocational orientation of students. As a variant of direct practical contact, students gain an insight into a company during a company exploration. The increasing number of possible occupations that require training and of study opportunities, however, lead to the fact that nowadays it is becoming increasingly more difficult for young adults to sufficiently inform themselves about the different offers available. Especially adoles-cents from rural areas or underage adolescents face the problem that the company they would like to become acquainted with or the occupation they are interested in are not accessible to them. Therefore, the possibility of an online company exploration is represented in the following essay. Is it possible to explore a company via the internet? Which technical devices can be used for this purpose? How can an online company exploration be designed and realized

Jurassic ophiolites within the Valais domain of the Western and Central Alps: geochronological evidence for re-rifting of oceanic crust

Metabasic rocks from different parts of the Antrona ophiolites, Western Alps, as well as from the Misox zone, Central Alps, were dated using ion microprobe (SHRIMP) U-Pb analyses of zircon, in association with cathodoluminescence (CL) imaging. HP metamorphism must have affected at least the major part of the Antrona ophiolites, although HP relics are rarely preserved, probably due to the Lepontine metamorphic overprint. HP metamorphism has affected also the area of the Misox zone. The origin of the Antrona ophiolites is arguable. They were interpreted as part of both the Piemont-Ligurian (PL) and the Valais ocean, the two main oceans in the area of the Alps before Alpine convergence. SHRIMP-analyses of co-magmatic zircon domains from the Antrona ophiolites (Guggilihorn, Passo del Mottone and Quarata areas) yielded identical (within uncertainty) weighted mean206Pb/238U ages of 155.2±1.6Ma, 158±17Ma (or 163.1±2.4Ma: one analysis; 1σ error) and 155.6±2.1Ma, respectively, interpreted as the time of crystallization of the magmatic protoliths. These Late Jurassic ages fit well to the time span considered for the formation of Piemont-Ligurian oceanic crust. The metagabbro of the Misox zone (Hinterrhein area), for which a Valaisan origin is generally accepted, gave also a Late Jurassic, PL protolith age of 161.0±3.9Ma. The metamorphic zircon domains from the amphibolitized eclogite of Mottone yielded an age of 38.5±0.7Ma, interpreted as the time of HP metamorphism. This age is in good agreement with the time of metamorphism reported from previous zircon SHRIMP-data for eclogites and amphibolites of other parts in the Valais domain. In order to bring in line the PL protolith ages with the Valaisan metamorphic ages, we suggest a scenario involving emplacement of part of the PL oceanic crust to the north of the newly formed Briançonnais peninsula, inside the Valais geotectonic domain. This paleotectonic configuration was probably established when younger Valaisan oceanic crust formed by spreading and re-rifting, partly within PL oceanic crus

Co- and Ce/Co-coated ferritic stainless steel as interconnect material for Intermediate Temperature Solid Oxide Fuel Cells

Chromium species volatilization, oxide scale growth, and electrical scale resistance were studied at 650 and 750 °C for thin metallic Co- and Ce/Co-coated steels intended to be utilized as the interconnect material in Intermediate Temperature Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (IT-SOFC). Mass gain was recorded to follow oxidation kinetics, chromium evaporation was measured using the denuder technique and Area Specific Resistance (ASR) measurements were carried out on 500 h pre-exposed samples. The microstructure of thermally grown oxide scales was characterized using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy (STEM), and Energy Dispersive X-Ray Analysis (EDX). The findings of this study show that a decrease in temperature not only leads to thinner oxide scales and less Cr vaporization but also to a significant change in the chemical composition of the oxide scale. Very low ASR values (below 10 m? cm2) were measured for both Co- and Ce/Co-coated steel at 650 and 750 °C, indicating that the observed change in the chemical composition of the Co spinel does not have any noticeable influence on the ASR. Instead it is suggested that the Cr2O3 scale is expected to be the main contributor to the ASR, even at temperatures as low as 650 °C

Methods to Quantify Reactive Chromium Vaporization from Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Interconnects

High-temperature (>600 degrees C) reactive vaporization of Cr from chromia and stainless steels in oxidizing environments is an industrially relevant phenomenon that has been and will continue to be studied extensively for decades. Recently, many experimental techniques have been developed to measure Cr vaporization from stainless steel interconnect (IC) components within solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) systems. Many of these techniques are based on an experimental method known as the transpiration method, which is used to generate Cr vapors and subsequently collect them for quantitative analysis. However, vapor collection and analysis methods differ significantly between investigators within the community, as does the array of alloys (with and without protective surface coatings), temperatures, flow rates, and water vapor pressures used in experimentation. Therefore, the purpose of the present work is to provide an overview of experimental techniques used to quantify reactive Cr vaporization, and to compare data reported in literature on Cr vaporization from Cr2O3 and chromium containing alloys in oxidizing environments

The Schwarzhorn Amphibolite (Eastern Ratikon, Austria): an Early Cambrian intrusion in the Lower Austroalpine basement

The Alpine nappe stack in the Penninic-Austroalpine boundary zone in the Ratikon (Austria) contains a 4x1 km tectonic sliver of meta-diorite, known as the Schwarzhorn Amphibolite. It was deformed and metamorphosed in the amphibolite facies and is unconformably overlain by unmetamorphic Lower Triassic sandstone, indicating pre-Triassic metamorphism. Cataclastic deformation and brecciation of the amphibolite is related to normal faulting and block tilting during Jurassic rifting. Zircon dating of the Schwarzhorn Amphibolite using LA-ICP-MS gave a U-Pb age of 529+9/-8 Ma, interpreted as the crystallization age of the protolith. Geochemical characteristics indicate formation of the magmatic protolith in a supra-subduction zone setting. The Cambrian protolith age identifies the Schwarzhorn Amphibolite as a pre-Variscan element within the Austroalpine basement. Similar calc-alkaline igneous rocks of Late Neoproterozoic to Early Cambrian age are found in the Upper Austroalpine Silvretta Nappe nearby and in several other Variscan basement units of the Alps, interpreted to have formed in a peri-Gondwanan active-margin or island-arc setting