Development of a physically-based catchment-scale rainfall-runoff model using the vertical quasi-two-dimensional surface-subsurface flow modeling

In this study, we developed a catchment-scale rainfall-runoff model using the vertical quasi-two-dimensional surface-subsurface flow model (quasi-2D model) and applied it to the upstream catchment of the Kamo River in Japan. The modeling of slope connections was devised to enhance computational stability, and the settings of computational cell sizes were designed according to the slope angles to reduce the computational cost while maintaining accuracy. Rainfall-runoff simulations were conducted for several floods, and the model was validated by comparing it to observational data. The quasi-2D model generally reproduced the observed river discharge well; however, it tended to overestimate the peak discharge. The present model seemed to generate excessive surface flows in mountainous areas, suggesting the need to incorporate various flow pathways, such as macropores in the soil and groundwater flows, which enhance the underground drainage capacity. The simulations for an area of 138.1 km² required less than one-tenth of the actual time, partly because of the parallel computation of two independent catchments

Divalent and Multivalent Activation in Phosphate Triesters: A Versatile Method for the Synthesis of Advanced Polyol Synthons

This is the peer reviewed version of the following article: Thomas, C. D., McParland, J. P. and Hanson, P. R. (2009), Divalent and Multivalent Activation in Phosphate Triesters: A Versatile Method for the Synthesis of Advanced Polyol Synthons. Eur. J. Org. Chem., 2009: 5487–5500. doi:10.1002/ejoc.200900560, which has been published in final form at http://doi.org/10.1002/ejoc.200900560. This article may be used for non-commercial purposes in accordance with Wiley Terms and Conditions for Self-Archiving.The construction of mono- and bicyclic phosphate trimesters possessing divalent and multivalent activation and their subsequent use in the production of advanced polyol synthons is presented. The method highlights efforts to employ phosphate tethers as removable, functionally active tethers capable of multipositional activation and their subsequent role as leaving groups in selective cleavage reactions. The development of phosphate tethers represents an integrated platform for a new and versatile tether for natural product synthesis and sheds light on new approaches to the facile construction of small molecules