Special coatings control temperature of structures

Special coatings in the form of paints that exhibit controlled ratios of sunlight absorptivity to grey-body emissivity control the temperature of structures in space flight. These finishes exhibit good resistance to ultraviolet radiation and do not discolor

From Outer Space to the Circus Tent:Science Fiction and the Problems of ’68 in Alexander Kluge’s Die Ungläubige

This paper explores Alexander Kluge’s forgotten work of science fiction Die Ungläubige, Kluge’s literary addendum to Die Artisten in der Zirkuskuppel: ratlos, and places it against the background of the aesthetic debates of 1968 and Kluge’s larger canon. Why did Kluge turn to science fiction at this particular time? How does this genre interrogate, expand on, or even challenge our understanding of Kluge and his aesthetic project, which in many ways cannot be thought apart from this pivotal period in German post-war history? Kluge’s text is at once a sharp critique of capitalist structures and a critical representation of utopian visions of the future, making the work an important piece of aesthetic, social and political commentary

Combining Models of Approximation with Partial Learning

In Gold's framework of inductive inference, the model of partial learning requires the learner to output exactly one correct index for the target object and only the target object infinitely often. Since infinitely many of the learner's hypotheses may be incorrect, it is not obvious whether a partial learner can be modifed to "approximate" the target object. Fulk and Jain (Approximate inference and scientific method. Information and Computation 114(2):179--191, 1994) introduced a model of approximate learning of recursive functions. The present work extends their research and solves an open problem of Fulk and Jain by showing that there is a learner which approximates and partially identifies every recursive function by outputting a sequence of hypotheses which, in addition, are also almost all finite variants of the target function. The subsequent study is dedicated to the question how these findings generalise to the learning of r.e. languages from positive data. Here three variants of approximate learning will be introduced and investigated with respect to the question whether they can be combined with partial learning. Following the line of Fulk and Jain's research, further investigations provide conditions under which partial language learners can eventually output only finite variants of the target language. The combinabilities of other partial learning criteria will also be briefly studied.Comment: 28 page

A Map of Update Constraints in Inductive Inference

We investigate how different learning restrictions reduce learning power and how the different restrictions relate to one another. We give a complete map for nine different restrictions both for the cases of complete information learning and set-driven learning. This completes the picture for these well-studied \emph{delayable} learning restrictions. A further insight is gained by different characterizations of \emph{conservative} learning in terms of variants of \emph{cautious} learning. Our analyses greatly benefit from general theorems we give, for example showing that learners with exclusively delayable restrictions can always be assumed total.Comment: fixed a mistake in Theorem 21, result is the sam

Kelvin-Helmholtz instabilities in Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics

In this paper we investigate whether Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH), equipped with artificial conductivity, is able to capture the physics of density/energy discontinuities in the case of the so-called shearing layers test, a test for examining Kelvin-Helmholtz (KH) instabilities. We can trace back each failure of SPH to show KH rolls to two causes: i) shock waves travelling in the simulation box and ii) particle clumping, or more generally, particle noise. The probable cause of shock waves is the Local Mixing Instability (LMI), previously identified in the literature. Particle noise on the other hand is a problem because it introduces a large error in the SPH momentum equation. We also investigate the role of artificial conductivity (AC). Including AC is necessary for the long-term behavior of the simulation (e.g. to get $\lambda=1/2, 1$ KH rolls). In sensitive hydrodynamical simulations great care is however needed in selecting the AC signal velocity, with the default formulation leading to too much energy diffusion. We present new signal velocities that lead to less diffusion. The effects of the shock waves and of particle disorder become less important as the time-scale of the physical problem (for the shearing layers problem: lower density contrast and higher Mach numbers) decreases. At the resolution of current galaxy formation simulations mixing is probably not important. However, mixing could become crucial for next-generation simulations.Comment: 16 pages, 23 figures, accepted for publication in MNRA

Improving convergence in smoothed particle hydrodynamics simulations without pairing instability

The numerical convergence of smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) can be severely restricted by random force errors induced by particle disorder, especially in shear flows, which are ubiquitous in astrophysics. The increase in the number NH of neighbours when switching to more extended smoothing kernels at fixed resolution (using an appropriate definition for the SPH resolution scale) is insufficient to combat these errors. Consequently, trading resolution for better convergence is necessary, but for traditional smoothing kernels this option is limited by the pairing (or clumping) instability. Therefore, we investigate the suitability of the Wendland functions as smoothing kernels and compare them with the traditional B-splines. Linear stability analysis in three dimensions and test simulations demonstrate that the Wendland kernels avoid the pairing instability for all NH, despite having vanishing derivative at the origin (disproving traditional ideas about the origin of this instability; instead, we uncover a relation with the kernel Fourier transform and give an explanation in terms of the SPH density estimator). The Wendland kernels are computationally more convenient than the higher-order B-splines, allowing large NH and hence better numerical convergence (note that computational costs rise sub-linear with NH). Our analysis also shows that at low NH the quartic spline kernel with NH ~= 60 obtains much better convergence then the standard cubic spline.Comment: substantially revised version, accepted for publication in MNRAS, 15 pages, 13 figure

Oscillator Strengths for B-X, C-X, and E-X Transitions in Carbon Monoxide

Band oscillator strengths for electronic transitions in CO were obtained at the Synchrotron Radiation Center of the University of Wisconsin-Madison. Our focus was on transitions that are observed in interstellar spectra with the Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer; these transitions are also important in studies of selective isotope photodissociation where fractionation among isotopomers can occur. Absorption from the ground state (X ^1Sigma^+ v'' = 0) to A ^1Pi (v'= 5), B ^1Sigma^+ (v' = 0, 1), C ^1Sigma^+ (v' = 0, 1), and E ^1Pi (v' = 0) was measured. Fits to the A - X (5, 0) band, whose oscillator strength is well known, yielded the necessary column density and excitation temperature. These parameters were used in a least-squares fit of the observed profiles for the transitions of interest to extract their band oscillator strengths. Our oscillator strengths are in excellent agreement with results from recent experiments using a variety of techniques. This agreement provides the basis for a self-consistent set of f-values at far ultraviolet wavelengths for studies of interstellar (and stellar) CO.Comment: 22 pages, 3 figures, ApJS (in press

An approach to the Riemann problem in the light of a reformulation of the state equation for SPH inviscid ideal flows: a highlight on spiral hydrodynamics in accretion discs

In physically inviscid fluid dynamics, "shock capturing" methods adopt either an artificial viscosity contribution or an appropriate Riemann solver algorithm. These techniques are necessary to solve the strictly hyperbolic Euler equations if flow discontinuities (the Riemann problem) are to be solved. A necessary dissipation is normally used in such cases. An explicit artificial viscosity contribution is normally adopted to smooth out spurious heating and to treat transport phenomena. Such a treatment of inviscid flows is also widely adopted in the Smooth Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) finite volume free Lagrangian scheme. In other cases, the intrinsic dissipation of Godunov-type methods is implicitly useful. Instead "shock tracking" methods normally use the Rankine-Hugoniot jump conditions to solve such problems. A simple, effective solution of the Riemann problem in inviscid ideal gases is here proposed, based on an empirical reformulation of the equation of state (EoS) in the Euler equations in fluid dynamics, whose limit for a motionless gas coincides with the classical EoS of ideal gases. The application of such an effective solution to the Riemann problem excludes any dependence, in the transport phenomena, on particle smoothing resolution length $h$ in non viscous SPH flows. Results on 1D shock tube tests, as well as examples of application for 2D turbulence and 2D shear flows are here shown. As an astrophysical application, a much better identification of spiral structures in accretion discs in a close binary (CB), as a result of this reformulation is also shown here.Comment: 19 pages, 17 figure

Afghanistan : Tuberculosis

Afghanistan, a country in the Middle East, faces the epidemic of an infectious bacterial lung disease called Tuberculosis, or TB. Tuberculosis is fairly easy to spread, as the bacteria that causes it are spread from one person to another through tiny droplets released into the air via coughs and sneezes. Despite the widespread amounts of individuals affected with TB, it is known to be easily curable using a six month treatment. And so public health officials have implemented a program called DOTS, or Directly Observed Treatment Short Course in Kabul City to test the effectiveness of this treatment. The DOTS program over the course of five years was proven to be successful, and raised the TSR (treatment success rate) exponentially, making the curing of Afghanistan’s epidemic more possible in the future

The Relationship between a Nation-State Being Land-Locked and Its Economic Development

This research will look at the relationship between a nation-state being landlocked and its economic development. Based on the literature, my theory is that landlocked nation-states will have less economic development than coastal nation-states. Also, the more that a nation-state is landlocked, measured as the more countries around it and the farther away it is from the coast, the less economic development it will have. I will look at a dataset related to economic growth and compare countries to evaluate my theory