Fungsi Bank sebagai Lembaga Keuangan di Indonesia Menurut Undang-undang Nomor 10 Tahun 1998 Tentang Perbankan

Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan tujuan untuk mengetahui bagaimana bentuk hukum bank dan kepemilikan bank di Indonesia dan apa saja yang merupakan fungsi utama bank sebagai lemabaga keuangan. Dengan menggunakan metode penelitian yuridis normative disimpulkan: 1. Bentuk hukum bank dapat dilihat dari jenis bank itu sendiri. Dimana berdasarkan Undang-undang Perbankan yang berlaku mengatakan bahwa bentuk hukum dari pada bank umum yaitu dapat berupa Perusahaan perseroan, Perusahaan daerah, Koperasi dan bisa berupa perseroan terbatas. Dengan melihat bentuk-bentuk hukum ini maka menentukan bagaimana tugas bank serta tujuannya. Menyangkut juga tentang kepemilikan bank hal ini dapat dilihat dari jenis bank itu sendiri. Yang dapat memiliki bank umum di Indonesia menurut Perundang-undangan yang berlaku maka adalah: Warga Negara Indonesia, Badan Hukum Indonesia serta yang dapat menjadi pemilik bank perkreditan rakyat adalah sama dengan bank umum yaitu, Warga Negara Indonesia, Badan Hukum Indonesia, pemerintah daerah, atau badan hukum dari hasil kerja sama antara keduanya. 2. Bank merupakan salah satu badan USAha yang mempunyai fungsi menghimpun dana dari masyarakat dalam bentuk simpanan, apakah simpanan giro, deposito ataupun simpanan tabungan semuannya bermanfaat bagi bank itu sendiri, dan lebih dari itu bank akan kembali menyalurkannya kepada masyarakat bagi yang membutuhkan dana guna meningkatkan taraf hidup rakyat banyak dan juga untuk menunjang pelaksanaan pembangunan dalam rangka meningkatkan pemerataan, pertumbuhan ekonomi dan stabilitas nasional kearah peningkatan kesejahteraan rakyat banyak menuju pada masyarakat adil dan makmur

Nasjonalsosialistisk universitetspolitikk i Poznan og Oslo

The article analyzes the different occupation policy of Germany in the university sector in Norway and Poland, focusing on the cases of Oslo and Poznan. The difference in occupational regime was decisive for the outcome. The different ranking of the Norwegian and Polish population in the nazi racial system led to an extremely brutal and destructive strike against Polish academics and institutions. The Polish university in Poznan was dissolved, the staff killed, deported or removed in other ways, and in 1941 the University reopened as a German, SS-dominated Reichs-University. Polish underground managed to continue some kind of academic activity and training, thus providing young people with learning and sources of self-esteem. In Oslo, the occupants attempted to draw the Norwegian academic elite into active collaboration, and bring about a slow turn of the liberal democratic institution into a national socialist defined university after the pattern of the earlier transformations taking place in Germany after 1933 and Austria 1938. The attempt failed, because the majority of staff and students put up resistance and refused to adhere. The policy changed after this failure, and in 1943 nearly 20% of the teachers were arrested along with 1200 students. Half of these students were deported to Germany for the rest of the war, in an attempt to re-educate them to embrace SS-ideology. This attempt failed as well - and not one of them volunteered to serve the German armed forces. Both the Polish and the Norwegian cases show the limitations of totalitarian use of power when confronted with the inner resistance based on liberal, democratic and patriotic values

Kedudukan Anak Akibat Batalnya Perkawinan Karena Hubungan Darah Menurut Hukum Positif

Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan tujuan untuk mengetahui bagaimana pengaturan hukum tentang Pembatalan Perkawinan karena hubungan darah menurut Hukum Positif Di Indonesia dan bagaimana kedudukan hukum anak yang lahir setelah pembatalan perkawinan menurut Hukum Positif di Indonesia. Dengan menggunakan metode penelitian yuridis normatif, maka dapat disimpulkan: 1. Pengaturan hukum mengenai pembatalan perkawinan di Indonesia masih beragam walaupun Undang-Undang perkawinan yaitu Undang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 1974 seringkali disebut unifikasi hukum perkawinan. Pembatalan perkawinan merupakan putusnya perkawinan disebabkan persyaratan perkawinan yang diatur dalam undang-undang dan larangan perkawinan tidak dipenuhi. 2. Status hukum anak yang lahir dalam perkawinan yang telah batal pada dasarnya merupakan anak yang sah sebagaimana diatur dalam Undang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 1974 dalam Pasal 28. Berdasarkan Putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi Nomor 46/PUU-VIII/2010 Tentang Pengujian pasal 2 ayat 2 dan pasal 43 ayat 1 Undang-Undang Perkawinan yaitu Undang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 1974 yang menyatakan bahwa pasal 43 ayat Undang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 1974 melanggar Undang-Undang Dasar Republik Indonesia pasal 28 B ayat 1 dan 2 dan pasal 28 D ayat 1

System Scenario Based Application Mapping

During the past decade, the processing requirements of embedded real-time systems have become more and more challenging; not only in terms of performance, but also regarding the energy efficiency. The dynamic nature of many of these systems has been recognized as an important feature to take advantage of. Scenario-based design is a well-known design methodology dealing with this. Identifying different use-case scenarios to optimize for is a strategy that has been used for a long time. Lately, another kind of scenario-based strategy has emerged; so-called System scenarios. Instead of classifying the behavior of a system through several use-cases, the actual costs of the system is considered, like resource usage or quality requirements. By thoroughly characterizing and analyzing the system behavior at design-time, the different system scenarios can be recognized at run-time without much overhead. The system can then be tailored to the identified scenario by employing the optimal settings that have been determined at design-time. It must however be enough exploitable dynamism present in the application to make up for the system scenario overhead. The system scenario research field has well described theoretical design methodologies, even considering multiple cost dimensions. It can however be a long distance between the theoretical methodologies and an actual design process, especially when the dynamic cost is multi-dimensional. There is a considerable increase in the design complexity from adding just one more cost dimension to the design, motivating the need for a precise and concrete methodology. This thesis presents methods for detecting and exploiting dynamism in applications through profiling and code inspection, and the results from applying these methods on four applications, where three of them are a subset of the SPEC CPU 2006 integer benchmarks. The focus is on exploring both memory and CPU dynamism. Identifying the dynamism in an application can become very complex when considering multi-dimensional dynamism. An extension to the system scenario methodology which addresses this problem is therefore suggested. The scenario identification step of the original methodology is split into several smaller steps and executed separately for each of the considered dynamisms. This way the designer does not have to keep the entire design space in mind, but can focus on each kind of dynamism separately. Sub-scenarios are identified for each kind of dynamism, and then combined to form a scenario set where the total dynamism is exploited. The methodology is targeted at simple single-core platforms. Several papers present promising results of the system scenario methodology when only considering CPU optimizations such as Dynamic Voltage and Frequency Scaling (DVFS). For applications requiring much memory however, DVFS can become infeasible as it means longer stand-by time for the memory. Memory typically contributes significantly to the total energy consumption, which motivates the recent introduction of memory system scenarios with dynamically reconfigurable memories. In this work, the dynamism in applications that are both memory and computationally intensive are exploited by combining DVFS and memory reconfigurations. Much CPU and memory dynamism is identified in the considered benchmark applications, and up to 31% of the total energy is saved by applying the modified system scenario methodology. Up to 47% is saved for some of the low-workload situations. Characteristics of an Intel Pentium processor and CACTI memory models are used to estimate the energy savings

Only death can pay for life - The role of the protagonist’s death in young adult literature

Children and Young Adults' Literature Department of Language, Literature, Mathematics and Interpreting May 15th 2019Everybody will eventually die. This is a certainty from the moment we are born. Young adult readers are used to experiencing death in their encounters with young adult literature. The parent, the friend, the helper, all of these literary character types may die. But what about when the protagonist dies? This master thesis is about the role of the protagonist’s death in young adult literature. In this thesis, I present a close reading of six young adult novels with the following research question in mind: “What is the role of the protagonist’s death in young adult literature?” In order to answer this question, I have focused on death as a theme and death as a narrative technique. Hakola and Kivistö argue that death is a narrative force which affects both plot and characters (2014, p. x). Its function is to further the plot in a given direction, yet death is also arguably the most universal of themes, because all things that come into existence, all life, must eventually end. Since the 70’s children’s and young adult literature has seen an increase in the frequency of death’s appearance (James, 2009, p 2). The death of the protagonist is not something young adult literature tries to shy away from. Death is an inevitable part of life and should be recognized as such. By allowing the young adult reader to experience death and dying in a safe environment and from the safe position as the reader, death becomes less threatening and thereby easier to talk about. Based on Freud Kundu states that it is impossible to imagine one’s own death because we still perceive ourselves as spectators (Kundu, 2015, p. 12) and therefore we are safe. The death of the protagonist in young adult literature helps the reader contemplate on their mortality and thus can help them imagine what it might be like to die. The selected reading material for this master thesis may prepare the reader for their own death by allowing the protagonist to die. A core message from these texts is the realization that death should not stand in the way of living. These texts show that growing up is about living, and living is about going experiences. What one wants to live for and experience is up to the reader to figure out. But the truth is simple, as George R. R. Martin writes it, “[o]nly death can pay for life” (Martin, 2011, p. 779).MBUL55

Genetic Engineering of Anthurium for Bacterial Disease Resistance

To aid transformation of anthurium, tissue culture and regeneration was achieved through either somatic embryogenesis or shoot regeneration using in vitro grown etiolated internodes, laminae, and root segments. Two gene transfer methods were used to transform anthurium tissues. Using bombardment of DNA-coated microprojectiles into anthurium calli and etiolated internodes, transient expression of S-glucuronidase (GUS) and neomycin phosphotransferase II (NPTII) was observed in these tissues. No transformed plants were recovered using this method. Antibacterial genes, including an insect attacin gene (Att), phage P22 gene P13, phage T4 lysozyme gene e, and a gene encoding an analog of insect cecropin B (Shiva-1) were driven by either double CaMV35S or potato wound inducible promoter, in the plant expression vector pBI121. Agrobacterium tumefaciens LBA4404 carrying either pCa2Att, pCa2P13, pCa2T4, pWlAtt or pWlShiva was used for cocultivation with internode or lamina explants of UH965 and UH1060. Following culture on selection media containing kanamycin and carbenicillin or cefotaxime, shoots regenerated from various calli pieces. Kanamycin-resistant plantlets were recovered from UH965 and UH1060 etiolated internode explants cocultivated with Agrobacterium with or without tobacco cell line 'Su' as nurse culture. GUS activity as determined by histochemical staining was absent in the kanamycin-resistant plants evaluated. Western blot analysis of total proteins from lamina calli formed de novo from kanamycin-resistant UH965 plants showed the presence of attacin protein. Polymerase chain reaction was used to amplify DNA fragments from the introduced genes. In six UH965 plants, A tt and nptll genes were amplified in the expected sizes of 546 and 1054 bp, respectively. In UH1060 plants, P13 and nptll genes were amplified. A GUS gene fragment was amplified in one of the UH965 plants. No amplification of the above-mentioned genes was observed in DNA samples of untransformed control plants. Southern hybridizations using amplified sequences from Att, P I3 and NPTH all showed positive hybridization. Kanamycin-resistant UH965 plants with Ca2Att, Ca2P13 or Ca2T4 were challenged with the blight pathogen Xanthomonas campestris pv. dieffenbachiae strain D150 in the petiole end. The result of two challenge experiments indicated that most transgenic UH965 plants were partially resistant and a few were resistant to the blight bacteria

Contracts as Literature: A Hermeneutic Approach to the Implied Duty of Good Faith and Fair Dealing in Commercial Loan Agreements

The claim of breach of the implied duty of good faith and fair dealing has become a common basis for a borrower\u27s complaint against its lender after the lender has performed an act allegedly permitted under a loan document, such as accelerating payment of the borrower\u27s indebtedness or terminating a borrower\u27s line of credit. This article examines cases and commentary that have addressed the concept of the implied duty of good faith in this context. Preliminarily, this article concludes that in the context of commercial loan documents, the implied duty of good faith is inapplicable

A feasibility study of wind powered hydrogen production at Fosen

Hydrogen (di-hydrogen, H2) er et ettertraktet drivstoff fordi det er det vanligste og letteste stoffet i universet, med to til tre ganger høyere energitetthet enn tradisjonelle drivstoff. Hydrogen kan produsere energi og vann via brenselsceller uten karbonutslipp. De vanligste industrielle produksjonsmetodene er dampmetanreformering og vannelektrolyse. Hydrogen produsert via elektrolyse er en attraktiv metode så lenge elektrolysen er drevet av fornybar energi. Denne oppgaven undersøker muligheten for å produsere «grønt hydrogen» til en konkurransedyktig pris via vindkraft på Fosen i Trøndelag. Fosen Vind bygger for øyeblikket Europas største onshore vindkraftanlegg, med seks (6) vindparker på totalt 1 GW (3,6 TWh). Det tekniske aspektet ved hydrogenproduksjon via vindkraft er bevist mulig, men de økonomiske betingelsene er ikke ideelle. Vindkraftens varierende energiproduksjon utgjør en utfordring for å sikre tilstrekkelig driftstid. I tillegg er det vanskelig å utkonkurrere tradisjonelle drivstoff så lenge hydrogen forblir en liten industri. Ved å se på kapital- og driftsutgifter (CAPEX og OPEX) for forskjellige elektrolyseteknologier, lagringsteknologi og transport, kan kostnaden per kg for hydrogen bli beregnet. Disse utgiftene ble beregnet over en femtenårsperiode (basert på forventet levetid for elektrolyseutstyr) med en diskonteringsrente på 8%. Ettersom kostnaden ved elektrolyse hovedsakelig bestemmes av strømprisen ble kostnadene beregnet for et stort spenn av strømpriser basert på forventede strømpriser det kommende tiåret. Deretter ble disse kostnadene sammenliknet med nasjonale og internasjonale opplysninger for å anslå konkurransedyktigheten og sette kostnadene i perspektiv. Når den nødvendige informasjonen var tilgjengelig ble ulike deler av beregningene også sammenliknet med offentlig tilgjengelig kostnadsinformasjon for å vurdere reliabiliteten til beregningene (beregningene krevde antagelser som stammet fra tilsendte opplysninger). Disse sammenlikningene viste at sluttresultatene var i korrekt størrelsesorden, hvilket styrket reliabiliteten til beregningene. Kildene til CAPEX og OPEX for elektrolysørene stammet fra markedsaktører og publiserte vitenskapsartikler. Dette ga tilgang på mer nøyaktig data, men ettersom markedsaktørene krevde anonymisering kan ikke deres data bli verifisert av andre. Gjennom denne undersøkelsen ble det funnet at mulig kostnadsspenn for hydrogenproduksjon via vindkraft på Fosen er 25,77-31,51 NOK/kg. Disse kostnadene er basert på forventet gjennomsnittlig strømpris det kommende tiåret på 32 øre/kWh (for øyeblikket er strømprisen på 55 øre/kWh før skatt). Disse beregningene er veiledende tall som blant annet påvirkes av valg av elektrolyseteknologi. De totale kostnadene inkludert lagring og transport ble beregnet til å være 46,78-53,13 NOK/kg for komprimert hydrogen, og 51,26-63,00 NOK/kg for flytendegjort hydrogen (LH2). Ettersom foreløpige hydrogenpris er 90 NOK/kg indikerer de beregnede kostnadene for Fosen Vind at de er kapable til å produsere hydrogen til en konkurransedyktig pris. Med andre ord, resultatene tilsier at kostnaden er tilstrekkelig under nåværende markedspris til at en hydrogenproduksjonsenhet på Fosen kan være lønnsom. Resultatene indikerer også at en hydrogenproduksjon basert på overskuddsstrøm (peak-shaving) ikke er lønnsomt, da en slik investering krever langt flere driftstimer enn det overskuddsstrømmen kan levere. Det ble beregnet at Fosen potensielt kan produsere 10 000 tonn grønt hydrogen per år, nok til å drive 80 000 biler.Hydrogen (di-hydrogen, H2) is a coveted fuel due to it being the most common and lightest substance in the universe, with two to three times higher energy density than traditional fuels. Hydrogen can produce energy and water when used in a fuel cell with zero carbon emissions. The most common industrial methods for producing Hydrogen are by steam methane reforming (SMR) and water electrolysis. Renewable hydrogen is an attractive method as long as water electrolysers can be powered by renewable energy technologies. This study investigates the feasibility of producing “green hydrogen” at a competitive price via wind power at the Fosen site, in Trøndelag county, Norway. Fosen Wind is currently building Europe's largest onshore wind power plant, with six (6) wind farms totaling 1 GW (3.6 TWh). The technical aspect of hydrogen production via wind power is shown to be possible, but the economic framework conditions are not ideal. The fluctuating nature of wind represent a challenge to ensuring sufficient operation time. Furthermore, outcompeting established traditional fuels is difficult as long as hydrogen remain a small industry. By looking at Capital Expenditure and Operating Expenses (CAPEX and OPEX) of different electrolyser technologies, storage technology and transport, costs per kg of hydrogen were calculated. They were generated over a 15-year period (based upon the expected lifetime of the electrolysers) at a discount rate of 8%. Since the cost of electrolysis is mostly determined by the electricity price, costs were calculated for a large span of electricity prices based upon expected electricity prices in the coming decade. Furthermore, these costs were compared with national and international data to assess competitiveness and put the costs into perspective. When the required data were available, various parts of the calculations were also evaluated against public cost information to assess the reliability of the calculations (the calculations required assumptions which were based upon supplied information). These comparisons showed that the end-results were in the correct order of magnitude, which strengthened the reliability of the generated data. The sources of CAPEX and OPEX for electrolysers originated from main market actors and published peer-reviewed technical articles. This gave access to more accurate data, although the main market actors requested confidentiality, thus the data cannot be verified by others. Through this investigation, it was found that the costs of producing hydrogen via wind-powered electrolysis at Fosen could be in the range of around 25.77-31.51 NOK/kg. These costs are based upon a projected average electricity price for the next decade of 0.32 NOK/kWh (the current electricity price in Norway is 0.55 NOK/kWh exc. tax). These figures are indicative numbers which are affected by the choice of electrolyser technologies. Furthermore, the total costs including storage and transport were found to be 46.78-53.13 NOK/Kg for compressed hydrogen (CH2) and 51.26-63.00 NOK/kg for liquefied hydrogen (LH2). As the current retail price of hydrogen in Norway is around 90 NOK/kg (inc. tax), the calculated cost indicates that Fosen Wind is capable of producing hydrogen at a market competitive cost. In other words, it was found that the cost is sufficiently below the current market price and it is possible that a hydrogen production facility at Fosen could be profitable. The results also indicated that hydrogen production based upon surplus power (peak-shaving) does not pay off, as investment costs require an operation time significantly larger than what surplus power can supply. It was calculated that the Fosen site could potentially produce around 10,000 tons of green hydrogen per annum, enabling to fuel 80,000 cars.