The Espionage And Sedition Acts 1917-1918: A North Dakota Analysis

The period of World War I is also the time of Nonpartisan League control in North Dakota. The period is of extreme interest to historians of the state as North Dakota\u27s:experiment with the radical government was unique in the nation at the . time and a marked departure from the state\u27s own political traditions. On both sides of the political fence, Nonpartisan and conservative, a kind of extremism existed which was unusual within the state. The United States government passed the Espionage and Sedition acts of 1917 and 1918 as a means of legally ensuring the patriotism of its citizens; anti-war talk and, particularly, efforts to block recruitment or conscription could be punished with stiff prison sentences. Many private citizens took up the challenge to guard the nation against disloyalty; censorship and vigilanteism became common throughout the nation. Most North Dakotans were staunchly opposed to entrance into the conflict, and the state\u27s new NPL government shared that position. The problem of the period is: how well did North Dakota handle the divisive pressures of intense local political battles coupled with the conformist. demands of unrestrained patriotism. Opposing viewpoints exist: on this question. Dr. Edwin F. Ladd, the president of North Dakota.Agricultural College at the time and later a United States Senator, claimed that North Dakota was an oasis of sanity in a desert of hysteria . To that,\u27 historian. Kenneth. I, Smemo., in his study. of Judge Charles F. Amidon, responded, The state actually saw little sanity and a lot of hysteria at that time. This study reexamines the issue. Most of the research previously done involved the transcripts of the sedition trials, official documents of the state and nation, and the extant correspondence of a few of the leading figures. This paper uses many of those same sources but emphasizes research from newspapers because they include many minor incidents that give the period its flavor and cumulatively suggest a conclusion. The most important newspapers were the ultraconservative Grand Forks Herald, the moderately conservative Bismarck Tribune, and the Nonpartisan League\u27s Fargo Daily Courier-News. Other dailies and a handful of weekly newspapers were also used. This study concludes that North Dakota survived the strain of the war years with a minimum of violence and hysteria. The Nonpartisan League\u27s deliberate government and Judge Charles F. Amidon\u27s refusal to use his bench to advance the conservative view of patriotism acted as restraints on hysteria

Ski Cross World Cup: Which course obstacles lead to high risk of injury, and which allow for overtaking? Is it different for men and women?: A systematic video analysis of the 2021/22 World Cup season

Masteroppgave - Norges idrettshøgskole, 2023Purpose: The purpose of this study was to assess the risk of injury and to investigate which obstacles (Direction Changes, Jumps, Rollers, Start Straight) lead to an increased risk of injury in World Cup Ski Cross. It also investigated which obstacles allow athletes to overtake other skiers and contribute to attractive competitions. Methods: The data was collected by video analysis of the 21/22 WC season for men and women. To measure injury risk, Surrogate measures of injury risk were assessed (Crash, Out of Balance, Contact, and Avoided Contact) and to measure overtaking, Rank Shifts were assessed. These Events were analysed using a standardised video rating process. Non-parametric tests were performed to assess differences between obstacles, venues, heats, and genders. Results: Male athletes generally showed a higher occurrence of Events compared to female athletes. Crashes occurred equally often between the genders. For males, the occurrence of Crash, Out of Balance and Contact was significantly lower in Idre Fjäll compared to other venues. For females, the occurrence of Contact was significantly higher in semi-final 2 compared to quarter-final 1 and semi-final 1. Most Crashes occurred on Direction Changes for males, likely due to increased opponent Contact. For females, the Crashes were equal between obstacle categories. Out of Balance occurred most on jumps for both genders. A higher percentage of Out of Balance situations led to a Crash for females than males. The frequency of obstacles was equal between genders and between venues. Lasty, the possibility to overtake were equal between obstacle categories, suggesting that the course layouts were not a limiting factor for Rank Shifts. Conclusion: Males generally exhibited more Events than females. For males, the occurrence of Crash was highest in Direction Changes, likely influenced by opponent Contact. For females, the occurrence of Crash was equal between obstacle categories, suggesting that females are Crashing due to the technicality of the course or the obstacles itself. The possibility to overtake was equal between obstacle categories but Rank Shifts may increase the risk of Contact in narrow course sections. This is highlighting the importance of designing accommodating courses with less narrow sections that is suitable for both genders.Institutt for fysisk prestasjonsevne / Department of Physical Performanc

Zirconium trisulfide as a promising cathode material for Li primary thermal batteries

In this work ZrS3 has been synthesized by solid state reaction in a sealed quartz tube and investigated as a candidate cathode material in Li thermal batteries. The structure of ZrS3 before and after cell testing has been studied using powder X-ray diffraction. A new spinel related material, LiZr2S4, has been identified as the product of the electrochemical process, which can be indexed to a = 10.452(8) Å cubic unit cell. The electrochemical properties of the batteries were investigated at 500 °C against Li13Si4 by galvanostatic discharge and galvanostatic intermittent titration technique (GITT). In a thermal Li cell at 500 °C a single voltage plateau of 1.70 V at a current density of 11 mA/cm2 was achieved with capacity of 357 mA h g-1. Therefore ZrS3 material has some promise as a cathode for Li thermal batteries.Publisher PDFPeer reviewe

The Metropolitan Revolution: How Cities and Metros Are Fixing Our Broken Politics and Fragile Economy

In the aftermath of the 2008 financial crisis and the Great Recession, the conventional paradigms of political leadership in the U.S. have been increasingly challenged.  America’s post-New Deal hierarchical policymaking pyramid with the Federal government at the top, followed by State governments setting the direction and leading innovation in the public and private sectors seem increasingly mired in partisan rancor and incapable of responding to new challenges

Head-On Beam-Beam Interactions in High-Energy Hadron Colliders - GPU-Powered Modelling of Nonlinear Effects

The performance of high-energy circular hadron colliders, as the Large Hadron Collider, is limited by beam-beam interactions. The strength of the beam-beam interactions will be higher after the upgrade to the High-Luminosity Large Hadron Collider, and also in the next generation of machines, as the Future Circular Hadron Collider. The strongly nonlinear force between the two opposing beams causes diverging Hamiltonians and drives resonances, which can lead to a reduction of the lifetime of the beams. The nonlinearity makes the effect of the force difficult to study analytically, even at first order. Numerical models are therefore needed to evaluate the overall effect of different configurations of the machines. For this thesis, a new code named CABIN (Cuda-Accelerated Beam-beam Interaction) has been developed to study the limitations caused by the impact of strong beam-beam interactions. In particular, the evolution of the beam emittance and beam intensity has been monitored to study the impact quantitatively, while frequency map analysis has been performed to understand the impact qualitatively. The bunches in the beams have been modelled based on a three-dimensional Gaussian distribution. The bunches in the Large Hadron Collider are well approximated by cylindrically symmetric Gaussian bunches, which allows for certain consequences to be derived analytically. The mapping of both round and flat beams have been implemented with the weak-strong model, considering one beam to stay fixed throughout the simulation, while the other beam is changing. The simulations have been run on graphic cards, well adapted for studying this highly parallelisable problem, to reduce the computation time. The beam-beam driven resonances have been shown both analytically and numerically to be stronger at lower order and further from the design orbit of the beam. Stronger beam-beam interactions cause a wider spread of the betatron frequencies/tunes within a single bunch, making it increasingly difficult to avoid resonances that cause detrimental effects on the beam quality. This has been seen in both simulations and experiments. In such scenarios, the common working point in the Large Hadron Collider, (Q_x , Q_y ) = (0.31, 0.32), is found to be suboptimal. Two alternative working points, (0.315, 0.325) and (0.475, 0.485), have been found to give better performance. Without long-range interactions, the beam quality is best preserved for zero crossing angle. Increasing the crossing angle activates odd resonances that can reduce the performance further, but it also reduces the tune spread within the bunch, making the bunch exposed to fewer strong resonances. Mixing between the longitudinal and transverse planes, caused by either a crossing angle, the hourglass effect or chromaticity, drives synchro-betatron resonances that also reduce the performance. However, a nonzero chromaticity is usually necessary to avoid coherent instabilities. A significant hourglass effect, σ_s /β_q^∗ = 2/3, has been found to reduce the detrimental effects caused by the chromaticity, and vice versa. A scheme designed to cancel beam-beam driven resonances, by applying a specific intermediate phase advance, has been found to have an extremely positive impact on the beam quality for zero crossing angle, but only a marginal impact for a nonzero crossing angle. A dedicated experiment with strong head-on beam-beam interactions has been performed in the Large Hadron Collider. Simulations run in CABIN for the same configurations show good quantitative agreement. A realistic maximum beam-beam tune shift from the LHC working point has been found to be ∆Q_Tot = 0.043 with zero crossing angle. With a Piwinski angle of φ_PIW = 1, this limit is reduced to ∆Q_Tot = 0.028, smaller than the largest beam-beam tune shift expected in the Future Circular Hadron Collider. These limits are slightly larger for the alternative working point, (0.315, 0.325), raised to ∆Q_Tot = 0.067 and 0.036 for zero and nonzero crossing angle respectively

19th Century Monster Literature and its Didactic use in the English Second Language classroom

Mastergradsoppgave i lektorutdanning, Høgskolen i Innlandet, 2021.English: This thesis aims to answer what the didactic benefits of using 19th century monster literature to promote the LK20 core values are by exploring how 19th century monster literature is relevant to the LK20 core values and how we can use 19th century monster literature to promote the LK20 core values. To explore these research questions, the thesis primarily relies on literary analysis of two 19th century monster literature novels; Dracula (1897) by Bram Stoker, and Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus (1818) by Mary Shelley, structured after four chosen core values from the Norwegian LK20 core curriculum; Human Dignity, Identity and Cultural Diversity, Critical Thinking and Ethical Awareness, and Democracy and Participation. These novels are chosen because of their immense renown and cultural significance, although other novels within the same genre could provide similar educational value and relevance. In order to anchor these literary analyses to the English Second Language (ESL) subject of the Norwegian upper secondary classroom, this thesis also explores monster literature theory, didactic theory, the teaching of literature, and possible classroom implementations. The purpose of this thesis is to map and showcase potential didactic uses and benefits of using 19th century monster literature in the upper secondary Norwegian ESL classroom to promote the Norwegian core curriculum values recently revised through LK20.Norsk: Denne masteroppgaven forsøker å kartlegge de didaktiske fordelene ved å bruke monsterlitteratur fra det 19. århundre til å promotere LK20s verdigrunnlag ved å undersøke hvordan monsterlitteratur fra det 19. århundre er relevant for LK20s kjerneverdier og hvordan vi kan bruke monsterlitteratur fra det 19. århundre til å promotere disse kjerneverdiene. Oppgaven hviler primært på litterær analyse av to monsterlitteratur-romaner; Dracula (1987) av Bram Stoker, og Frankenstein; eller, Den moderne Promethevs (1818) av Mary Shelley, strukturert etter fire valgte kjerneverdier fra den norske LK20-læreplanen; Menneskeverdet, Identitet og kulturelt mangfold, Kritisk tenkning og etisk bevissthet, og Demokrati og medvirkning. Disse tekstene er valgt på bakgrunn av deres berømmelse og kulturelle omfang, selv om andre bøker innenfor den samme sjangeren kunne hatt lignende pedagogisk verdi og relevanse. For å forankre disse litterære analysene til engelskfaget i det norske videregående klasserom, utforsker denne oppgaven også monsterlitteraturteori, didaktisk teori, litteraturpedagogikk, og potensielle klasseromsimplementeringer. Formålet med masteroppgaven er å kartlegge og fremvise potensielle didaktiske bruksområder og fordeler ved monsterlitteratur fra det 19. århundre i det norske videregående ESL (Engelsk som fremmedspråk)-klasserommet, med formål om å promotere de nylig reviderte kjerneverdiene i den norske utdanningen