Numerical ABL Wind Tunnel Simulations with Direct Modeling of Roughness Elements through Immersed Boundary Condition Method

Reproduction of atmospheric boundary layer wind tunnel experiments by numerical simulation is achieved in this work by directly modeling with immersed boundary method the geometrical elements placed in the wind tunnel's floor to induce the desired characteristics to the boundary layer.The wind tunnel has a cross section of 2.2 m x 2.25 m, with an inlet region 14 m long and a working region 2 m long. Boundary layer development is shaped up with a series of cubical elements, 3 cm in side, placed in a regular staggered arrangement with a 15 cm spacement. Vortex induction, Standen spires type elements, of 13,4 cm height, and a wall of 31.5 cm height are placed at the inlet. This arrangement is used to reproduce a representative urban site boundary layer (figure 1).The numerical model is implemented on the basis of the open source modelcaffa3d.MBRi [Usera et al 2008], which uses a finite volume method over block structured grids, coupled with various LES approaches for turbulence modeling and parallelization through domain decomposition with MPI [Mendina et al 2013]. Simulations were setup with approximately 2 million cells per block, with a 26 block arrangement. The computational grid is horizontally uniform with a resolution of 1.04 cm x 1.04 cm and nonuniform in vertical direction with the grid points concentrated near the floor . The grid spacing is geometrically stretched away from the floor with a minimum value of 1mm. The time step is 0.1 second and the computation is distributed in 26 cores on the Cluster-FING infraestructure [www.fing.edu.uy/cluster]. The Immersed boundary method approach followed the work of [Liao et al 2009]. Numerical simulation results are compared to wind tunnel measurements for the mean velocity profiles (figure 2), rms profiles and spectrums, providing good overall agreement. We conclude that the Immersed Boundary Condition method is a promising approach to numerically reproduce ABL Boundary Layer development methods used in physical modeling.Agencia Nacional de Investigación e Innovació

redesign and manufacturing of a metal towing hook via laser additive manufacturing with powder bed

Abstract An approach to redesign and manufacture a metal towing hook via Selective Laser Melting is discussed. Some reference criteria and general guidelines are considered step-by-step to concurrently address lightening, manufacturability and job planning. Grounds are given for the application of Additive Manufacturing for complex components to the purpose of material saving and increased safety factor

Sugar-protein connectivity impacts on the immunogenicity of site-selective salmonella O-antigen glycoconjugate vaccines

A series of glycoconjugates with defined connectivity were synthesized to investigate the impact of coupling Salmonella typhimurium O-antigen to different amino acids of CRM197 protein carrier. In particular, two novel methods for site-selective glycan conjugation were developed to obtain conjugates with single attachment site on the protein, based on chemical modification of a disulfide bond and pH-controlled transglutaminase-catalyzed modification of lysine, respectively. Importantly, conjugation at the C186-201 bond resulted in significantly higher anti O-antigen bactericidal antibody titers than coupling to K37/39, and in comparable titers to conjugates bearing a larger number of saccharides. This study demonstrates that the conjugation site plays a role in determining the immunogenicity in mice and one single attachment point may be sufficient to induce high levels of bactericidal antibodies

Clinica medica ú Observaciones selectas recogidas en el Hospital de la Caridad (Clinica de M. Lerminier)

Contiene: T. I-II. Enfermedades del pecho -- T. III-IV. Enfermedades del abdomen -- T. V. Enfermedades del encéfal

Indications and Outcomes of Osteoporosis and Bone Modulation Therapies

Osteoporosis is a disorder of bone strength that leads to an increased risk of fractures. It is most commonly seen in patients aged 50 or older, although it can sometimes occur at a younger age if there are other comorbidities present. The most common cause of osteoporosis by far is menopause, although it also occurs in men, usually with higher morbidity rates than those seen in women. There are many treatment options available, such as anabolics and antiresorptives, with many more currently being developed. However, osteoporosis remains grossly unrecognized and untreated, resulting in a significant strain on the American economy

Antiresorptive Therapies for Osteoporosis

Osteoporosis is a disease of low bone density, translating to increased fragility and risk for fracture. It is a significant public health problem that is widely undertreated, despite the many options of treatment available. Among these, the most effective are the antiresorptive medications, such as bisphosphonates. There is an abundance of evidence about the efficacy and safety profile of these medications. However, there is mounting evidence that, after 10 years on treatment with a bisphosphonate, patients are at a higher risk of developing some of the serious side effects of atypical femur fractures and osteonecrosis of the jaw