Design and Performance Investigation of a Solar- Powered Biological Greywater Treatment System in the Iraqi Climate

     أدت الزيادة في عدد السكان إلى زيادة في استهلاك المياه. يبحث العمل الحالي في أداء نظام معالجة المياه الرمادية الذي يعمل بالطاقة الشمسية لإعادة التدوير لأغراض الري، ستخدم لتقليل كمية المياه الرمادية المهدرة وتقليل استهلاك الكهرباء وتقليل تكاليف إنشاء محطات معالجة المياه على نطاق واسع. يستهلك النظام حوالي 3814 واط في الساعة ويوفر معالجة للمياه حوالي 1.4 متر مكعب في اليوم. تم تصميم النظام المقترح لتطبيق المباني السكنية والمكتبية والحكومية. أجريت الاختبارات على أحد مباني وزارة العلوم والتكنولوجيا في بغداد. تم إجراء تحليلات اختبار عينات المياه المخبرية لقياس COD ، BOD5 ،TDS ، NH4 ، NO3-TN ، TOC ، TSS ، الأس الهيدروجيني ومحتوى الزيت والشحوم وفقًا للمعايير العراقية. أظهرت نتائج الاختبار انخفاضًا كبيرًا في قيم BOD5 و COD للقراءات كل 15 يومًا ولمدة 5 أشهر بمعدل إزالة أكثر من 90٪ وكذلك ملاحظة قيم TOC بإزالة حوالي 80٪ ، وهذا يشير إلى نتائج أثبتت الاختبارات المعملية نجاح عملية المعالجة. قسم البحث إلى قسمين، نظري وعملي. يتضمن الأسلوب النظري اختيار نوع وحجم المعدات والأدوات المطلوبة لنظام المعالجة. بينما يغطي الجانب العملي تنفيذ نظام مقياس مختبري لنظام المعالجة المقترح وإجراء التجارب والتحليلات المختبرية  لعينات المياه الرمادية..            The increase in population resulted in an increase in the consumption of water. The present work investigates the performance of a recycling solar- powered greywater treatment system for the purposes of irrigation, used to reduce the amount of waste grey water and reduce electricity consumption and reduce the costs of constructing large scale water treatment plants. The system consumes about 3814W per hour and provides water treatment about 1.4 m3 per day. The proposed system is designed to    residential, office and governmental buildings application. Tests are conducted in an office building at the Ministry of Science and Technology site in Baghdad. Laboratorial water samples testing analyses are conducted for measuring the COD, BOD5, TDS, NH4, NO3-TN, TOC, TSS, pH and oil and grease content according to the Iraqi standards. Test results revealed a huge decrease in the values of BOD5 and COD for readings for every15 days and for a period of 5 months by removing rate more than 90% and also noting the values of TOC by removing about 80%, this indicates that the results of Laboratory testing have proved the success of the treatment process.  The research is divided into two parts, theoretical and practical. The theoretical one includes choosing the type and size of the equipment and the required tools for the treatment system. While the practical one covers implementing a laboratory-scale system for the proposed treatment system and conducting experiments and laboratory analyses of greywater samples. Top of For

Potassium channels as a potential therapeutic target for trigeminal neuropathic and inflammatory pain

Previous studies in several different trigeminal nerve injury/inflammation models indicated that the hyperexcitability of primary afferent neurons contributes to the pain pathway underlying mechanical allodynia. Although multiple types of voltage-gated ion channels are associated with neuronal hyperexcitability, voltage-gated K+ channels (Kv) are one of the important physiological regulators of membrane potentials in excitable tissues, including nociceptive sensory neurons. Since the opening of K+ channels leads to hyperpolarization of cell membrane and a consequent decrease in cell excitability, several Kv channels have been proposed as potential target candidates for pain therapy. In this review, we focus on common changes measured in the Kv channels of several different trigeminal neuropathic/inflammatory pain animal models, particularly the relationship between changes in Kv channels and the excitability of trigeminal ganglion (TRG) neurons. We also discuss the potential of Kv channel openers as therapeutic agents for trigeminal neuropathic/inflammatory pain, such as mechanical allodynia

The Accuracy of the Electrocardiogram during Exercise Stress Test Based on Heart Size

BACKGROUND: Multiple studies have shown that the exercise electrocardiogram (ECG) is less accurate for predicting ischemia, especially in women, and there is additional evidence to suggest that heart size may affect its diagnostic accuracy. HYPOTHESIS: The purpose of this investigation was to assess the diagnostic accuracy of the exercise ECG based on heart size. METHODS: We evaluated 1,011 consecutive patients who were referred for an exercise nuclear stress test. Patients were divided into two groups: small heart size defined as left ventricular end diastolic volume (LVEDV) <65 mL (Group A) and normal heart size defined as LVEDV ≥65 mL (Group B) and associations between ECG outcome (false positive vs. no false positive) and heart size (small vs. normal) were analyzed using the Chi square test for independence, with a Yates continuity correction. LVEDV calculations were performed via a computer-processing algorithm. SPECT myocardial perfusion imaging was used as the gold standard for the presence of coronary artery disease (CAD). RESULTS: Small heart size was found in 142 patients, 123 female and 19 male patients. There was a significant association between ECG outcome and heart size (χ(2) = 4.7, p = 0.03), where smaller hearts were associated with a significantly greater number of false positives. CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests a possible explanation for the poor diagnostic accuracy of exercise stress testing, especially in women, as the overwhelming majority of patients with small heart size were women

Thermal modelling of gas generation and retention in the Jurassic organic-rich intervals in the Darquain field, Abadan Plain, SW Iran

The petroleum system with Jurassic source rocks is an important part of the hydrocarbons discovered in the Middle East. Limited studies have been done on the Jurassic intervals in the 26,500 km2 Abadan Plain in south-west Iran, mainly due to the deep burial and a limited number of wells that reach the basal Jurassic successions. The goal of this study was to evaluate the Jurassic organic-rich intervals and shale gas play in the Darquain field using organic geochemistry, organic petrography, biomarker analysis, and basin modelling methods. This study showed that organic-rich zones present in the Jurassic intervals of Darquain field could be sources of conventional and unconventional gas reserves. The organic matter content of samples from the organic-rich zones corresponds to medium-to-high-sulphur kerogen Type II-S marine origin. The biomarker characteristics of organic-rich zones indicate carbonate source rocks that contain marine organic matter. The biomarker results also suggest a marine environment with reducing conditions for the source rocks. The constructed thermal model for four pseudo-wells indicates that, in the kitchen area of the Jurassic gas reserve, methane has been generated in the Sargelu and Neyriz source rocks from Early Cretaceous to recent times and the transformation ratio of organic matter is more than 97%. These organic-rich zones with high initial total organic carbon (TOC) are in the gas maturity stage [1.5–2.2% vitrinite reflectance in oil (Ro)] and could be good unconventional gas reserves and gas source rocks. The model also indicates that there is a huge quantity of retained gas within the Jurassic organic-rich intervals

ON EXPEDIENCY OF THE CRIMINAL CASE INITIATION STAGE

The article provides a critical analysis of a number of scientific concepts on the negative meaning of the stage of initiation of a criminal case in the criminal process and proposals for its abolition. Based on the analysis of Russian and foreign legislation, the practice of its application, statistical data, the conclusion was formulated that this stage is a necessary part of criminal proceedings, without which it is impossible to solve a number of its most important tasks. Therefore, the necessity of its preservation and improvement is substantiated.</jats:p