Foxp1 and lhx1 coordinate motor neuron migration with axon trajectory choice by gating Reelin signalling.

Topographic neuronal maps arise as a consequence of axon trajectory choice correlated with the localisation of neuronal soma, but the identity of the pathways coordinating these processes is unknown. We addressed this question in the context of the myotopic map formed by limb muscles innervated by spinal lateral motor column (LMC) motor axons where the Eph receptor signals specifying growth cone trajectory are restricted by Foxp1 and Lhx1 transcription factors. We show that the localisation of LMC neuron cell bodies can be dissociated from axon trajectory choice by either the loss or gain of function of the Reelin signalling pathway. The response of LMC motor neurons to Reelin is gated by Foxp1- and Lhx1-mediated regulation of expression of the critical Reelin signalling intermediate Dab1. Together, these observations point to identical transcription factors that control motor axon guidance and soma migration and reveal the molecular hierarchy of myotopic organisation

Kesenjangan Pertumbuhan Ekonomi di Provinsi Maluku

This research is belongs to execute economic growth place clasification in Regency/City of Moluccas Province and to analysis economic imbalance in Moluccas Province. Analysis methood in this research use Klassen Typology, Williamson Index and Panel Data. Klassen Typology Analysis are use to vote the clasification of economic growth in every regency/city at Moluccas Provincy. Williamson Index Analysis are use to count economic imbalance rate in Moluccas Provincy. Panel Data is a bundle or a collected from time series (2006 - 2010) and data cross section (11 Regency/City), use to see many factors that made imbalance development in Moluccas Province. Klassen Typology Analysis research shown that just one area where looking forward and growth, it is Ambon City. Category area where looking suppressed in the develop process is Tual City, and prosperous area where are in down is Aru Regency, Centre Moluccas Regency, East Seram Regency, West Seram Regency, South Buru regency, S.W Moluccas Regency, S.E.W Moluccas Regency, Buru Regency, and South East Moluccas Regency. For Moluccas Province, Williamson Index in 2006 – 2010 scored at a stretch is 0, 5833; 0, 5660; 0, 6294; 0, 5883; 0, 5286. It indicates that there is a high imbalance of economic growth. Outcome panel data analysis shown that imbalance development that rate by IPM showed α = 5 percent in real by economic growth, work force growth, long road regency and real in α = 10 percent by long road province. To anticipate the imbalance in Moluccas Province that must have work force quality, high performance, and usefull for upgrading income per capita and economic growth, and so centre of economic growth must be explore to every regency/city so that economic activity not constructed at one area

Foraging behavior and Doppler shift compensation in echolocating hipposiderid bats, I-Iipposideros bicolor and I-Iipposideros speoris

1. Two hipposiderid bats,H. bicolor andH. speoris, were observed in their natural foraging areas in Madurai (South India). Both species hunt close together near the foliage of trees and bushes but they differ in fine structure of preferred hunting space:H. bicolor hunts within the foliage, especially whenH. speoris is active at the same time, whereasH. speoris never flies in dense vegetation but rather in the more open area (Fig. 1, Table 1). 2. Both species emit CF/FM-sounds containing only one harmonic component in almost all echolocation situations. The CF-parts of CF/FM-sounds are species specific within a band of 127–138 kHz forH. speoris and 147–159 kHz forH. bicolor (Tables 2 and 3). 3. H. speoris additionally uses a complex harmonic sound during obstacle avoidance and during laboratory tests for Doppler shift compensation.H. bicolor consistently emits CF/FM-sounds in these same situations (Fig. 2). 4. Both hipposiderid bats respond to Doppler shifts in the returning echoes by lowering the frequency of the emitted sounds (Fig. 3). However, Doppler compensations are incomplete as the emitted frequencies are decreased by only 55% and 56% (mean values) of the full frequency shifts byH. speoris andH, bicolor, respectively. 5. The differences in Doppler shift compensation, echolocating and hunting behavior suggest thatH. speoris is less specialized on echolocation with CF/FM-sounds thanH. bicolor

The Influence of SLD Drop Size Distributions on Ice Accretion in the NASA Icing Research Tunnel

An ice shape database has been created to document ice accretions on a 21-inch chord NACA0012 model and a 72-inch chord NACA 23012 airfoil model resulting from an exposure to a Supercooled Large Drop (SLD) icing cloud with a bimodal drop size distribution. The ice shapes created were documented with photographs, laser scanned surface measurements over a section of the model span, and measurement of the ice mass over the same section of each accretion. The icing conditions used in the test matrix were based upon previously used conditions on the same models but with an alternate approach to evaluation of drop distribution effects. Ice shapes resulting from the bimodal distribution as well as from equivalent monomodal drop size distributions were obtained and compared. Results indicate that the ice shapes resulting from the monomodal and bimodal drop size distributions had similar shapes, but the bimodal distributions had greater mass and volume measurements and icing limits that extended further back on the chord of the model

Special section guest editorial: Nanostructured thin films: From theoretical aspects to practical applications

Martín-Palma, R.J., Jen, Y.J., Mackay, T.G., "Special section guest editorial: Nanostructured thin films: From theoretical aspects to practical applications", SPIE, 6, 061599, 2012. Copyright 2013. Society of Photo Optical Instrumentation Engineers. One print or electronic copy may be made for personal use only. Systematic reproduction and distribution, duplication of any material in this paper for a fee or for commercial purposes, or modification of the content of the paper are prohibite