Mineral, vitamin concentrations and sensory properties of artificial and naturally flavoured yoghurts

A study on the mineral, vitamin concentrations and sensory properties of flavoured yoghurt was investigated using twelve litres (12L) fresh milk from Bunaji cows. The milk was clarified, homogenized, pasteurized at 80oC for 3minutes and 5% sucrose was added as sweetener and thereafter cooled to 42oC for inoculation. The milk was inoculated and divided into reconstituted commercial strawberry flavour (T1), fruit juices; coconut (T2), orange (T3) and pineapple (T4). Each flavourant was added at 200ml/litre and refrigerated for storage periods of 1, 7 and 14 days, thereafter subjected to evaluations. The completely randomized design in a 4x3 factorial arrangement was adopted. Results obtained showed that storage period had significant (p<0.05) effect on the mineral and vitamin concentrations. The mineral and vitamin concentrations were observed to be highest at day 7. Treatment effect revealed that treatments 2 and 4 had the highest phosphorus (0.32mg/100g) and sodium (87.89mg/100g) values respectively. Calcium (2.15mg/100g), Magnesium (1.20mg/100g) were highest in T3. Vitamins C and A were highest (2.13 and 2.85mg/100g) in T1, T2 and T1 respectively. The interaction effect showed significant (P<0.05) variations in the mineral and vitamins. The overall acceptability showed that orange and pineapple flavoured yoghurts were preferred by the consumers. Key words: Fermented milk, Nutritive, Sensory attributes, Synthetic, Natura

Growth performance and blood profile of weaned rabbits fed graded levels of Hevea brasiliensis seed meal as protein source

A ten-week investigation was undertaken to assess the incorporation of Hevea brasilliensis seed meal (RSM) as an alternative to soyabean meal (SBM) in rabbits’ feed. Sixty kit rabbits were distributed at random to four treatments diets and five rabbits / replicate in a completely randomized design (CRD). The diets consist of a control diet (0% RSM) as well as three experimental diets, containing 25%, 50% and 75% RSM. Results showed that RSM affected (P 0.05) up to 50% SBM replacement, while feed conversion ratio (FCR) were similar (P > 0.05) across the replacement levels. The highest weight gain and best FCR were observed in diets containing 50% and 25% RSM respectively. The highest values of packed cell volume (PCV), haemoglobin (Hb), white blood cells (WBC), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), and mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH), were noted in Diet 4 (75% RSM). The total protein increased with an increased level of RSM in the diet, while as RSM in the diet increased, the liver enzymes dropped. . In conclusion, RSM could effectively replace 50% SBM as protein ingredient in growing rabbits’ diets

Growth performance and blood profile of weaned rabbits fed graded levels of Hevea brasiliensis seed meal as protein source

A ten-week investigation was undertaken to assess the incorporation of Hevea brasilliensis seed meal (RSM) as an alternative to soyabean meal (SBM) in rabbits’ feed. Sixty kit rabbits were distributed at random to four treatments diets and five rabbits replicate in a completely randomized design (CRD). The diets consistof a control diet (0% RSM) as well as three experimental diets,containing 25%, 50% and 75% RSM. Results showed that RSM affected (P 0.05) up to 50% SBM replacement, while feed conversion ratio (FCR) were similar (P > 0.05) across the replacement levels. The highest weight gain and best FCR were observed in diets containing 50% and 25% RSM respectively. The highest values of packed cell volume PCV), haemoglobin (Hb), white blood cells (WBC), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), and mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH), were noted in Diet 4 (75% RSM). The total protein increased with an increased level of RSM in the diet, while as RSM in the diet increased, the liver enzymes dropped. In conclusion, RSM could effectively replace 50% SBM as protein ingredient in growing rabbits’ diets

Utilization of Solid State Fermented Cassava Peel Leaf Mix Meal As a Substitute for Maize in Broiler Chickens’ Diets: Impact on Growth Performance, Carcass Indices and Lipid Peroxidation

Aims: This research explored the potential of fermented cassava peel and leaf meal (FCPLM) as a maize substitute in broiler chickens’ diets.Study Design:Completely Dandomized Design.Place and Duration of Study:The study took place at the Poultry Unit of the Teaching and Research Farm of Landmark University in Omu-Aran, Irepodun Local Government, Kwara State, Nigeria, located at coordinates 8°08′00′′N 5°06′00′′E for 7 weeks.Methodology:The cassava peel and leaf were combined in a 19:1 ratio, milled, and then inoculated with Aspergillus niger(ATCC 16404) for solid-state fermentation (SSF), lasting 96 hours at room temperature with a substrate to water ratio of 1.0:1.0. Subsequently, FCPLM was integrated into diets for 480 seven-day-old Anak broiler chickens, divided into four groups of 60 chicks each, with each group further divided into 3 replicates. The diets included: Diet 1 (control, no FCPLM), Diet 2 (20% FCPLM), Diet 3 (40% FCPLM), and Diet 4 (60% FCPLM).Results:Substituting maize with FCPLM significantly (P < 0.05) impacted broiler performance, carcass quality, lipid peroxidation, and production costs. Diet 3 exhibited the highest weight gain, optimal feed conversion ratio, and dressing percentage withrespective values of 2286.80g, 1.95 and 75.95%, compare to 2252.60g, 2.00 and 75.81%.for the same parameters in Diet 1. Furthermore, as FCPLM inclusion levels increased, meat peroxidation decreased from 1.26 mmol/ml (Diet 1) to 0.16 mmol/ml (Diet 4). The feed cost and cost per kilogramme of meat decreased with higher FCPLM levels, with highest percentages of 26.35% and 13.50% for feed cost reduction per kilogram of feed, and 13.50% for feed cost per kilogram of chicken meat respectively in Diet 4.Conclusion:The SSF with Aspergillus niger (ATCC 16404) enhances FCPLM, presenting a viable approach to enhance feed resources. This strategy improves feed efficiency, carcass yield, oxidative stability, and production cost

CARCASS INDICES AND MEAT QUALITY OF BROILER CHICKENS FED DIETS CONTAINING FORTIFIED FERMENTED CASSAVA STUMPz

This study investigated the nutritional and anti-nutritional components of non-fermented and microbe fermented cassava stumps using Aspergillus niger (ATCC 16404) strain in a solid substrate. The dried and milled cassava stumps were aseptically inoculated with Aspergillus niger (ATCC 16404) strain in a solid-state at substrates to water ratio 1.0:1.0 w/v and then incubated for 192 hours at room temperature. Samples were taken at 48 h interval for the proximate, minerals and anti-nutrients composition determination of the fermented cassava stumps. The experimental design employed was completely Randomized Design. The results showed that the fermentation media and the fermentation period significantly (P < 0.05) affected the nutritional and anti-nutritional components of the cassava stumps, as there was better enhancement of the by-product at higher fermentation period. The highest crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), ash, and lowest crude fiber (CF) in fermented cassava stumps were obtained at 192 hours of fermentation with the following values CP 7.45%, EE 9.81% and ash 7.01%. A similar trend was also observed for mineral enhancement and anti-nutrient degradation. Conclusively, this study showed that solid-state fermentation using Aspergillus niger (ATCC 16404) strain can effectively enhance the nutritive value of cassava stumps which can help increase the feed resources for non-ruminant animals

Influence of dietary fatty acids and #alpha#-tocopherol on muscle tissue quality

SIGLEAvailable from British Library Document Supply Centre-DSC:DXN018972 / BLDSC - British Library Document Supply CentreGBUnited Kingdo

Influence of Dietary Fatty Acids and α-Tocopherol on Lipid Peroxidation in Subcellular Fractions of Muscle from Pigs fed Full-Fat Rapeseed

Biological subcellular membranes (mitochondria and microsome) contain relatively large amounts of phospholipids which are rich in unsaturated fatty acids (UFA) and are readily susceptible to lipid peroxidation. Thus, it is believed that peroxidative changes in meat is initiated at the membrane level. Monahan et al. (1990) have shown that these membranes are particularly rich in α-tocopherol (AT), hence, the effects of increased dietary supply of α-tocopheryl acetate (ATA) and UFA (from full-fat rapeseed; FFR) on AT content, fatty acid profiles and peroxidative changes in porcine mitochondrial and microsomal fractions were studied.</jats:p

Fatty Acid Profile and α-Tocopherol Content of Porcine Muscle During Oxidative Changes

Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) especially n-3 PUFA are important components of healthy human diets but these fatty acids are very susceptible to oxidation. Lipid peroxidation has been implicated as contributor to many pathological processes in humans (Byers, 1993). It is well established that tissue vitamin E (α-tocopherol; AT) protects lipid against peroxidation in vivo and in vitro. During lipid oxidation, vitamin E supplies are depleted and there are health benefits from higher intakes of the vitamin. In this study, changes in fatty acid composition and AT content of pig muscle during-oxidation were examined.Twenty four Large White x Landrace pigs were individually fed, from 50 to 90 kg LW, either a control (CD) diet (containing palm oil) or a diet based on full-fat rapeseed (FFR; 250 g/kg) (diet FRD) with varying levels of α-tocopheryl acetate (ATA) (0, 200 and 500 mg/kg diet for FRD0, FRD200 and FRD500 respectively). Diets were isonitrogenous and isocaloric.</jats:p

Socioeconomic Characteristics of Farmers, Profitability and Militating Factors Affecting Small Ruminant Production in Ondo State, South-West, Nigeria

The study investigated the socio-economic characteristics of small ruminant farmers, profitability and militating factors affecting small ruminant production in Ondo State, South-West, Nigeria. A multi-stage sampling technique was used to sample Two Hundred respondents (200) from the four Agricultural Development Programme (ADP) Zones in the study area, in which 25 farmers were randomly selected from 8 different communities. The respondents were accessed and interviewed using a well-structured questionnaire and interview guide, and data collected were analyzed using descriptive statistics such as frequencies and percentages, budgetary analysis and 4-Point Likert type scale. Findings revealed that 60.5% of the respondents were practising semi-intensive management systems, goats were the commonest animals reared by the farmers. The Return on Investment (ROI) was found to be 1.54 which implies that small ruminant producers will realize 1.54 on each naira expended, the gross margin and net farm income shows N253, 692.39 and N204, 327.08 respectively, Expense Structure Ratio (ESR) of 0.42 and gross ratio (0.45) which also revealed that total revenue accrued from small ruminant production is greater than total cost expended in the course of the business by 55. The study as well identified inadequate capital and high-interest rate of capital as the two most challenging constraints faced by the small ruminant farmers in the study area. Results obtained indicated that small ruminant production is a profitable venture mostly managed under the Semi-Intensive system and requires adequate capital for proper management of the animals.</jats:p