Assessment of Total Procollagen Type 1 Intact N-terminal Propeptide, C-telopeptide of type 1 collagen, Bone Mineral Density and its Relationship to Body Mass Index in Men with Type 2 Diabetes

Background: Type 2 diabetes negatively affects the biochemical parameters of bone turnover more than obesity and is associated with an increased risk of osteoporosis and fragility fractures. Obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2DM) are linked to increased fracturing risk; however, the effect of obesity on diabetes-related bone deficit is unknown. Objective: The goal of this research is to compare the indications, bone density, and bone turnover in T2DM men and a control group, and to investigate the effect of body mass index on bone turnover levels. Subjects, Material and Method: This case-control study was conducted on 120 men whose ages were from 40 - 69 years. They were grouped into two categories: T2DM (n=80) and healthy control (n=40). Serum samples from both groups were analyzed for blood glucose, Calcium and Albumin, by using (Cobas c111), PTH by (Cobas e 411), P1NP and CTX-1 levels in the serum using ELISA kits. Participants underwent (DEXA) measuring Bone Mass Density (BMD) at the lumbar spine. Results: The control (obese and non-obese) participants had statistically significant higher levels of CTX-1 and P1NP than the patients (obese and non-obese) (P-value = 0.000). There was no significant differences in Spine BMD, T-score (p-value = 0.27 and 0.37 respectively). Conclusion: Men with T2DM had a low bone turnover level and deteriorated bone quality compared to controls. The obese healthy controls can maintain healthy bone metabolism if T2DM is prevented.

OBSESSIONAL COMPULSIVE DISORDER OBSESSIONAL COMPULSIVE DISORDER (WASWÂS AL-QAHRI -OVERWHELMING WHISPERINGS): CASE REPORT AND PSYCHO-SPIRITUAL INTERVENTIONS

There is a manifestation of some kind of ‘obsessive-compulsive disorder’ commonly expressed in Muslim populations and known as Waswâs al-Qahri (Overwhelming whisperings). Muslims who suffer from Waswâs al-Qahri showed, beyond acceptable behaviours, extreme acts and behaviours in acts of worship and their daily activities.  From an Islamic perspective, these unwanted thoughts are whispered into the minds and hearts of people by Jinn. This paper examines the different types Waswâs al-Qahri including obsession related with belief, performing rituals, purification and obsession related to cognitive and affective experiences of losing control of one’s life. A case report is presented with psycho-spiritual interventions.   &nbsp