Optimal allocation of electric vehicle charging infrastructure in cities and regions

A geospatial analysis of electric-vehicle charging infrastructure allocation within a city and a region, based on open source GIS tools, is described. A methodology was developed to provide optimal locations of electric vehicle infrastructure (charging stations) within a spatially extended region. Two different cases were identified: placement in a city network (urban road network) and in a regional or national network (rural roads and highways). For a city and a regional network, the methodology identifies high-potential areas for the installation of charging station. In contrast, for a highway network the methodology provides explicitly the suggested locations: the charging stations should preferably be placed in already built areas, gas stations or rest areas, to minimize additional investment costs. A pilot study was made for the city of Bolzano/Bozen (city road network) and the province of Alto Adige/Südtirol (rural and highway network). The municipality and the province gave positive feedback on the suggested locations.JRC.F.8 - Sustainable Transpor

Individual mobility: From conventional to electric cars

The aim of this report is twofold. First, to analyse individual (driver) mobility data to obtain fundamental statistical parameters of driving patterns for both conventional and electric vehicles. In doing so, the information contained in large mobility datasets is condensed into compact and concise descriptions through modelling observed (experimental) distributions of mobility variables by expected theoretical distributions. Specifically, the stretched exponential distribution is shown to model rather accurately the distribution of single-trips and their duration, and the scale-invariant power-law with exponential cut-off the daily mobility length, the distance travelled per day. We argue that the theoretical-distribution parameters depend on the road-network topology, terrain topography, traffic, points of interest, and individual activities. Data from conventional vehicles suggest three approximate daily driving patterns corresponding to weekday, Saturday and Sunday driving, the latter two being rather similar. Work trips were found to be longer than average and of longer duration. The second aim is to ascertain, via the limited electric-vehicle data available from the EU-funded Green eMotion project, whether the behaviour of drivers of conventional vehicles differs from the behaviour of drivers of electric vehicles. The data suggest that electric vehicles are driven for shorter distances and shorter duration. Data from the Green eMotion project showed that the median real-life energy consumption of a typical segment A, small-sized, electric car, for example the Mitsubishi i-MiEV and its variants, is 186 Wh/km with a spread of 55 Wh/km. The real-driving energy consumption (per km) was determined to be approximately 38% higher than the type-approved consumption. Moreover, we found considerable dependence of the energy consumed on the ambient temperature. The median winter energy consumption per kilometre was higher than the median summer consumption by approximately 40%. The data presented in this report can be fundamental for subsequent analyses of infrastructure requirements for electric vehicles and assessments of their potential contribution to energy, transport, and climate policy objectives.JRC.F.8-Sustainable Transpor

Data Collection and Reporting Guidelines for European electro-mobility projects

Analysis of the data collected from electro-mobility projects has shown that only in very limited cases, the data reported were of enough quality and/or comprehensive enough to allow a meaningful and complete analysis. Various types of data are sometimes missing, making it almost impossible to analyse them correctly. The objective of this report is to provide guidance to publicly funded European Electro-mobility Projects on what and how to monitor and report. Detailed description of the necessary monitored elements and those which are considered as optional due to the complexity or expense involved in collecting them, is included, as well some ideas on quality control and on data collection. An extensive stakeholder consultation has taken place before the release of this report.JRC.F.6-Energy Technology Policy Outloo

Spatial allocation of emission inventories with the use of web geographic information systems and advanced emission factors models

The calculation and reporting of emissions has gained a significant interest during the last decade on an international level and especially in Europe. Nations, organizations and the industry continuously set targets in order to limit and decrease emissions to certain levels. Apart from their calculation and reporting, very important is also the geospatial allocation of emissions on digital maps for more accurate representation and subsequent editing by air quality management systems.In the framework of this thesis, the development of a web Geographic Information System (GIS) is presented, that accepts as input data, emissions in a certain format and allocates them on maps and grid files according to the user needs. The study is not confined in the maps produced but also presents the features and capabilities of a web application that can be used by every user even without any prior knowledge of the GIS field. The development of the application was based on open source software tools such as MapServer for the GIS functions, PostgreSQL and PostGIS for the data management and HTML, PHP and JavaScript as programming languages. In addition, background processes are used in an innovative manner to handle the time consuming and computational costly procedures of the application. Furthermore, a Web Map Service was created to provide maps to other clients such as the Google Maps API v3 that is used as part of the user interface. The output of the application includes maps in vector and raster format, maps with temporal resolution on daily and hourly basis, grid files that can be used by air qualityviiimanagement systems and grid files consistent with the European Monitoring and Evaluation Programme Grid. Although the system was developed, validated and operates for the Republic of Cyprus covering a remarkable wide range of pollutant and emissions sources, it can be easily customized for use in other countries or smaller areas, as long as the corresponding geospatial and activity data are available. Concluding, it should be noted that this study lays the groundwork for programmers, GIS analysts, project managers and national experts that want to develop environmental systems, that demand the use of GIS through the webΟ υπολογισμός και η καταγραφή των εκπομπών ρύπων έχει συγκεντρώσει πολύ μεγάλο ενδιαφέρον την τελευταία δεκαετία σε παγκόσμιο επίπεδο και ειδικά στην Ευρώπη. Κράτη, οργανισμοί και βιομηχανίες θέτουν συνεχώς στόχους για τον περιορισμό και τη μείωση των εκπομπών σε συγκεκριμένα επίπεδα. Πέρα όμως από τον υπολογισμό και την καταγραφή τους είναι πολύ σημαντική και η χωρική αποτύπωση των εκπομπών σε ψηφιακούς χάρτες για την ορθότερη απεικόνιση τους αλλά και για την μετέπειτα επεξεργασία τους από συστήματα διαχείρισης ποιότητας αέρα.Στα πλαίσια της παρούσας διατριβής παρουσιάζεται η ανάπτυξη ενός διαδικτυακού Γεωγραφικού Πληροφοριακού Συστήματος (ΓΠΣ) που δέχεται σαν είσοδο δεδομένα εκπομπών σε συγκεκριμένη μορφή και κατανέμει τις εκπομπές σε χάρτες αλλά και σε αρχεία πλέγματος (grid files) ανάλογα με τις ανάγκες του χρήστη. Η μελέτη δεν περιορίζεται μόνο στους χάρτες που παράγονται αλλά παρουσιάζονται και τα χαρακτηριστικά και οι δυνατότητες μιας διαδικτυακής εφαρμογής, η οποία μπορεί να χρησιμοποιηθεί από οποιοδήποτε χρήστη, ακόμα και χωρίς προηγούμενη γνώση του πεδίου των ΓΠΣ.Η ανάπτυξη της εφαρμογής βασίστηκε σε λογισμικά ανοιχτού κώδικα όπως ο MapServer για τις λειτουργίες ΓΠΣ, οι PostgreSQL και PostGIS για τη διαχείριση τωνviδεδομένων και οι HTML, PHP και JavaScript ως προγραμματιστικές γλώσσες. Επιπρόσθετα, χρησιμοποιήθηκαν διεργασίες στο παρασκήνιο (background processes) με έναν καινοτόμο τρόπο για τη διαχείριση των χρονοβόρων και υπολογιστικά δαπανηρών διαδικασιών της εφαρμογής. Επιπλέον, δημιουργήθηκε μια δικτυακή υπηρεσία χαρτών (Web Map Service) για να παρέχει τους χάρτες σε άλλους «πελάτες-εφαρμογές» (clients) όπως το Google Maps API v3 το οποίο χρησιμοποιείται σαν μέρος της διεπαφής χρήστη. Η έξοδος (output) της εφαρμογής περιλαμβάνει χάρτες σε διανυσματική μορφή (vector) και μορφή ψηφιδωτού (raster), χάρτες με χρονική ημερήσια και ωριαία ανάλυση, αρχεία πλέγματος (grid files) που μπορούν στη συνέχεια να χρησιμοποιηθούν από συστήματα διαχείρισης ποιότητας αέρα και αρχεία σύμφωνα με το πλέγμα του European Monitoring and Evaluation Programme (EMEP).Παρόλο που το σύστημα αναπτύχθηκε, ελέγχθηκε και λειτουργεί για τη Δημοκρατία της Κύπρου καλύπτοντας ένα αξιοσημείωτο εύρος ρύπων και πηγών εκπομπών, μπορεί εύκολα να παραμετροποιηθεί για χρήση σε άλλες χώρες ή μικρότερες περιοχές, αρκεί να υπάρχουν διαθέσιμα τα αντίστοιχα γεωγραφικά δεδομένα και δεδομένα δραστηριότητας. Κλείνοντας, αξίζει να σημειωθεί ότι η συγκεκριμένη έρευνα μπορεί να αποτελέσει μια βάση για προγραμματιστές, αναλυτές ΓΠΣ (GIS analysts), υπεύθυνους έργων (project managers) και εθνικούς εμπειρογνώμονες (national experts) που θέλουν να αναπτύξουν περιβαλλοντολογικά συστήματα, τα οποία απαιτούν τη χρήση ΓΠΣ μέσω του διαδικτύο

Uncertainty and Sensitivity Analysis of National Road Transport Inventories Compiled with COPERT 4

AbstractCOPERT is used by 22 out of the EU27 member states for the official submission of road transport inventories to international conventions. This study aimed at quantifying the uncertainty of road transport inventories in the case of two countries that use COPERT. The uncertainty of the emission factors was quantified by analysis of the variance in the relevant experimental information used to develop the emission factors. The uncertainty in the input data was determined by comparing information from different national and international sources. In this process, the sensitivity of the model output to its inherent parameters and the input variables was quantified. This provides useful guidance on how to reduce the uncertainty of the inventory

A Scenario Evaluation Model for the Application of CO2 and Air Pollutant Reduction Policies

AbstractIn this work, the authors present a mathematical model capable of calculating CO2, NOx and PM emissions, based on statistical data for emission sources at country level. The underlying methodology has been based on both the IPCC guidelines and the EMEP/CORINAIR air pollutant emission inventory guidebook. The case study focuses on Cyprus and investigates the application of specific climate change mitigation scenarios. The key results of the study show that an increased use of biomass and diesel can promote decarbonisation, but fail to reduce air pollution, while hybrid technologies and natural gas offer significant improvements for both goals

Modelling Electro-mobility: An Integrated Modelling Platform for Assessing European Policies

AbstractRecently, the European Union (EU) adopted the Directive on the deployment of alternative fuels infrastructure, which defines minimum requirements on alternative fuels infrastructure build up, including recharging points for electric vehicles. Moreover, the European Commission is currently working towards a Communication on decarbonising the transport sector, including an action plan on second and third generation biofuels and other alternative, sustainable fuels. Various Member States have set up incentives to foster electrified or low-emission vehicle purchases. The Joint Research Centre, as the European Commission's in-house science service, has created a suite of models on electro-mobility, which serves to assess policies towards electrification of road transport and their effects on energy demand, emission reduction and costs. The models are soft-linked and the structure is flexible enough to make sure that the appropriate tools can be used for various studies. The models within this suite include:•A Market Agent model that captures the dynamics between automobile manufacturers, infrastructure providers, authorities and users in order to model competition between and transition of current and future powertrain technologies;•A Fleet Impact tool, containing up-to-date vehicle stock data and energy and emission factors of all vehicle types in the EU, as well as fuel consumption and (real world & type approval) emission calculation, both for Tank-to-Wheel and Well-to-Wheel•An EV-Charging model that estimates the energy-consumption of electric vehicles and calculates their power demand (load) on the basis of usage statistics (e.g., daily distance travelled, parking duration, number of daily trips)•An Energy System Model (JRC-EU-TIMES) that models energy technologies’ uptake and deployment and their interaction with the energy infrastructure from an energy systems perspective•Various others depending on the needs of the assessment to be made.This paper shows key results of studies that were performed with the JRC integrated electro-mobility modelling platform