A Review of Metallothionein Isoforms and their Role in Pathophysiology

The Metallothionein (MT) is a protein which has several interesting biological effects and has been demonstrated increase focus on the role of MT in various biological systems in the past three decades. The studies on the role of MT were limited with few areas like apoptosis and antioxidants in selected organs even fifty years after its discovery. Now acknowledge the exploration of various isoforms of MT such as MT-I, MT-II, MT-III and MT-IV and other isoforms in various biological systems

GENERIC PRESCRIPTION IN INDIA – A REVIEW

In India, a Generic drug plays a major role where most of the people afford and depend on it, due to the budget-friendly and easily available widely. However, some of the pharmaceutical manufacturer’s license was terminated due to the unsold or banned products of branded drugs, which are manufactured in USFDA as small plants, were manufactured in India without the approval. There were many misconceptions with the manufacturers, for following the right strategy to bring generic medications, clearing data integrity issues, sales, and marketing aspects of drugs for the successful outcome. India has also been subject to increasing inspections by global regulatory bodies in recent times. There has been an increase in enforcement actions taken by regulatory bodies for cases related to data integrity. From this review, it concluded that what are the current trends involved in the generic drugs and their category based on the license, impact, and issues involved and also provides the recommendations to be followed to prevent further issues in the future.</jats:p

GENERIC PRESCRIPTION IN INDIA – A REVIEW

In India, a Generic drug plays a major role where most of the people afford and depend on it, due to the budget-friendly and easily available widely. However, some of the pharmaceutical manufacturer’s license was terminated due to the unsold or banned products of branded drugs, which are manufactured in USFDA as small plants, were manufactured in India without the approval. There were many misconceptions with the manufacturers, for following the right strategy to bring generic medications, clearing data integrity issues, sales, and marketing aspects of drugs for the successful outcome. India has also been subject to increasing inspections by global regulatory bodies in recent times. There has been an increase in enforcement actions taken by regulatory bodies for cases related to data integrity. From this review, it concluded that what are the current trends involved in the generic drugs and their category based on the license, impact, and issues involved and also provides the recommendations to be followed to prevent further issues in the future

Nanoparticulate targeted drug delivery systems - A Review

Nanoparticulate drug delivery system are the rapidly developing system, and nanoparticles are present in the size range of 1-100nm. Nanoparticles composed of various thermal, electrical, and optical property. Nanoparticles offers the potential advantages over the traditional dosage forms it is ascribable to the properties of nanoparticles. Nanoparticulate drug delivery system ensures the site-specific delivery of a drug(Targeting drug delivery) and aids in improving the efficacy of the new as well as old drugs and has the potential in crossing the various physiological barriers and also improves the therapeutic index of the drugs and increases the patient compliance. The objectives of this review is to classify the nanoparticles based on the different groups, surface properties of nanoparticles, describe the strategies of drug targeting, the necessity of nanoparticles their general method of preparation, different methods used in characterization, self- assembly and mechanism of drug release in a systemic manner. The potential advantages and limitations of various nanoparticulate drug delivery systems are also discussed elaborately.</jats:p

India’s Bio-War against a Pandemic Threat COVID-19

Coronavirus is a common type of virus that usually infects humans and results in a high breathing infection. This virus transmits through the air by coughing and sneezing, near physical contacts, and touching virus-contaminated substances or surfaces. Symptoms include runny nose, sore throat, feeling unwell, cough, and fever. The coronavirus outbreak (officially known as COVID-19), which started in China, has so far taken lives of over 190,656 people and affected 2,718,797 people across the world. The infection has spread to 185 countries. According to the official report released by the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare of the Union (MoHFW), 23,077 confirmed cases and 718 deaths have been registered so far in India. The transmission of COVID-19 was successfully controlled by India until now. The Department of Indian Health Science is well organized to control the corona epidemic. The Indian Health Sciences Department and the Regulatory Team (CDSCO) are advancing bio-war against the pandemic by providing effective and constructive updates to the pharmaceutical industry and making it easier for the citizens to prevent transmission in India. The most critical factor in preventing the local spread of the virus is to motivate the public to obtain the right information and take precautions in compliance with the health ministry's warnings.</jats:p

APPLICATION OF FILM SPRAY TECHNOLOGY FOR THE ENHANCEMENT OF TRANSDERMAL DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM- A REVIEW

Conventional topical preparations hold wider utility for various purposes and therapies, yet holds few drawbacks including irritability, lower bio-availability of actives in sites, along with poor local and systemic effects. In current topical research, Film-Forming Sprays, belonging to sprayed solutions, would form a thin film upon contact with wound or open skin, acting as reservoirs for extended release of the active ingredient, like patches, but would confirm contours of skin. On contrast with conventional formulations, film-forming sprays exhibit uniform distribution of drugs and dosages, improved system availability of actives, enhanced penetrability, and ease of  administration. This review describes that film-forming sprays contain a number of polymers and excipients that enhance the preparation properties and the stability of the active ingredients. This overview also summarizes the main parameters in the preparation of film-forming sprays such as spray-ability, spread-ability, film characteristics, in addition to the various types of polymeric concentrations, excipients, sprayer types, and evaluations

EVALUATION OF POPULATION PHARMACOKINETICS OF ORAL DIGOXIN IN VENOUS PLASMA

Objective: Digoxin, a cardiac glycoside with extensive clinical usage, poses challenges due to its narrow therapeutic index and wide interindividual variability. Population pharmacokinetic studies in healthy individuals are scarce despite their importance in understanding drug kinetics. This study aimed to characterize the population pharmacokinetics of oral digoxin in healthy volunteers. Methods: An open-label, single-dose pharmacokinetic study was conducted in 72 healthy Indian adults using digoxin tablets. Plasma samples were collected at various time points, and digoxin concentrations were quantified using Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS). Population pharmacokinetic analysis was performed using PUMAS® software, incorporating covariates such as creatinine clearance. Results: The two-compartment model best described the data, with a population estimate of clearance (CL/F) of 12.08 l/h in the base model and 8.3 l/h in the final model. Creatinine clearance significantly influenced digoxin clearance. Goodness-of-fit plots indicated model appropriateness, and Monte Carlo simulation validated model performance. Conclusion: This study presents a novel population pharmacokinetic model for oral digoxin in healthy individuals. The model accurately predicts digoxin pharmacokinetics and can guide dosage regimen optimization for better therapeutic outcomes. Further research should explore drug interactions and validate the model in diverse populations