Birth size and breast cancer risk: Re-analysis of individual participant data from 32 studied

Background Birth size, perhaps a proxy for prenatal environment, might be a correlate of subsequent breast cancer risk, but findings from epidemiological studies have been inconsistent. We re-analysed individual participant data from published and unpublished studies to obtain more precise estimates of the magnitude and shape of the birth size–breast cancer association. Methods and Findings Studies were identified through computer-assisted and manual searches, and personal communication with investigators. Individual participant data from 32 studies, comprising 22,058 breast cancer cases, were obtained. Random effect models were used, if appropriate, to combine study-specific estimates of effect. Birth weight was positively associated with breast cancer risk in studies based on birth records (pooled relative risk [RR] per one standard deviation [SD] [= 0.5 kg] increment in birth weight: 1.06; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.02–1.09) and parental recall when the participants were children (1.02; 95% CI 0.99–1.05), but not in those based on adult self-reports, or maternal recall during the woman's adulthood (0.98; 95% CI 0.95–1.01) (p for heterogeneity between data sources = 0.003). Relative to women who weighed 3.000–3.499 kg, the risk was 0.96 (CI 0.80–1.16) in those who weighed < 2.500 kg, and 1.12 (95% CI 1.00–1.25) in those who weighed ≥ 4.000 kg (p for linear trend = 0.001) in birth record data. Birth length and head circumference from birth records were also positively associated with breast cancer risk (pooled RR per one SD increment: 1.06 [95% CI 1.03–1.10] and 1.09 [95% CI 1.03–1.15], respectively). Simultaneous adjustment for these three birth size variables showed that length was the strongest independent predictor of risk. The birth size effects did not appear to be confounded or mediated by established breast cancer risk factors and were not modified by age or menopausal status. The cumulative incidence of breast cancer per 100 women by age 80 y in the study populations was estimated to be 10.0, 10.0, 10.4, and 11.5 in those who were, respectively, in the bottom, second, third, and top fourths of the birth length distribution. Conclusions This pooled analysis of individual participant data is consistent with birth size, and in particular birth length, being an independent correlate of breast cancer risk in adulthood

Unusual landing of blue shark

The fishermen of Thoothoor and Thengapattanam are experts in hook and line operations for sharks and conduct multiday distant water shark fishing off Maharashtra and Gujarat coasts at 150-180 km from shore. Large-sized elasmobranchs caught here are landed in southern India, where the meat is saltdried and sold for domestic consumption. Blue sharks are not regular contributors to the shark fishery in India and are rarely seen in such large numbers as in the present observation

Report on the rare quagga cat shark landed

Quagga catshark, Halaelurus quagga (Alcock, 1899) one of the rarest sharks in the family Scyliorhinidae (Order Carcharhiniformes) was observed at Muttom landing centre, Tamil Nadu on June 5 2017. It was landed as a bycatch in the demersal-trawl operated off Muttom at 150-200 m depths. The male specimen collected measured 298 mm in total length (TL) and its morphometrics were recorde

Emerging fishery for Japanese ruby fish in Vizhinjam

Unique catch of Japanese ruby fish, Erythrocles schlegelii (Richardson, 1846) locally known as Imbooraan accurred at Vizhinjam Landing Centre for the last few months. A demersal fish (family Emmelichthyidae) they are commonly known as ruby fishes, rovers, bonnet mouths and redbaits. Marine plywood boats fitted with two 9.9 HP engines are operating hooks and line to exploit these fishes. Daily trips with fishermen departing early at 3.00 am from the shore, travelling about 20-25 km to operate at more than 100 m depths and reaching back by 3.00 pm in the afternoon is common

Note on the unusual landings of Amblygaster sirm off Vizhinjam coast

Unusual landings of the clupeid Amblygaster sirm(spotted sardinella), was noticed during the October– December 2016 along the Vizhinjam coast. Locallyknown as Keerichala, regular landings of A. sirmwas observed in all the major landing centres alongthe Thiruvananthapuram coast like Mampally,Anjengo, Perumathura, Thazhampally, Marianad,Valiyathura, Poonthura etc

Morphometry and Length - Weight Relationship of Uranoscopus marmoratus Cuvier, 1829 (Family: Uranoscopidae) from Palk Bay, India

Uranoscopus marmoratus Cuvier, 1829 (Family: Uranoscopidae, Order: Perciformes, Class: Actinopterygii) is one of the stargazers occurred in the Eastern and Western Indian Ocean. The stargazers are purely marine, distributed throughout the world in deep and shallow waters, include about 50 extant and one extinct species in eight gener

Etyka integralna Kena Wilbera. Zarys ideii i jej pedagogiczne implikacje

This article tackles the topic of integral ethics by a modern American philosopher Ken Wilber. The paper discusses Wilber’s analysis of the stages of moral development. It also describes main concepts of integral ethics and points out the possible applications of the integral model in the current Polish pedagogical discourse.Artykuł porusza problem etyki integralnej w ujęciu współczesnego amerykańskiego filozofa Kena Wilbera. Tekst poświęcony jest przedstawionej przez niego analizie stadiów rozwoju moralnego. Ponadto przybliża podstawowe pojęcia z zakresu etyki integralnej i dyskutuje na temat możliwych aplikacji tego modelu w współczesnym polskim dyskursie pedagogicznym

Wisdom as an Expression of Developmental Transformations Through the Lens of Integral Theory/ Mądrość jako wyraz transformacji rozwojowych w optyce integralnej

The goal of this article is to present the integral researchers’ outlook on wisdom. Its integral context is associated with vertical developmental transformation processes, expressed, among others, by the growing ability to perceive multiple uncommon perspectives and to create multidimensional images of reality – a sort of advanced multidimensional systems. The article is summarised by guidelines towards education, so that its goal is to strive for wisdom. These are, for example, dissemination of knowledge supported by research on the development of post-formal abilities, the use of dialogical methods and meditation exercises in education as well as learning and practice of identifying perspectives and their intentional choice.The goal of this article is to present the integral researchers’ outlook on wisdom. Its integral context is associated with vertical developmental transformation processes, expressed, among others, by the growing ability to perceive multiple uncommon perspectives and to create multidimensional images of reality – a sort of advanced multidimensional systems. The article is summarised by guidelines towards education, so that its goal is to strive for wisdom. These are, for example, dissemination of knowledge supported by research on the development of post-formal abilities, the use of dialogical methods and meditation exercises in education as well as learning and practice of identifying perspectives and their intentional choice

Measuring pro-poor sectoral analysis for Pakistan: trickle down?

The study aims to establish a pro-poor growth index called the ‘Poverty Equivalent Growth Rate’, which considers both the extent of sectoral growth and the benefits reaching the poor in Pakistan, using 21 household surveys between 1964 and 2011. The result reveals that despite the positive signs in agriculture growth, the growth process may not be classifiable as pro-poor. The result points out that compared with the non-poor, the poor overall benefited less from the revitalisation of agricultural processes; however, the trend was reversed during 2002 to 2011 when the poverty equivalent growth rates are higher than the growth rate of industry, manufacturing, commodity producing and services value added, which shows sectoral growth favours the poor more than non-poor in Pakistan

An Image Indexing and Region based on Color and Texture

From the previous decade, the enormous rise of the internet has tremendously maximized the amount image databases obtainable. This image gathering such as art works, satellite and medicine is fascinating ever more customers in numerous application domains. The work on image retrieval primarily focuses on efficient and effective relevant images from huge and varied image gatherings which is further becoming more fascinating and exciting. In this paper, the author suggested an effective approach for approximating large-scale retrieval of images through indexing. This approach primarily depends on the visual content of the image segment where the segments are obtained through fuzzy segmentation and are demonstrated through high-frequency sub-band wavelets. Furthermore, owing to the complexity in monitoring large scale information and exponential growth of the processing time, approximate nearest neighbor algorithm is employed to enhance the retrieval speed. Thus, a locality-sensitive hashing using (K-NN Algorithm) is adopted for region-aided indexing technique. Particularly, as the performance of K-NN Approach hinges essentially on the hash function segregating the space, a novel function was uncovered motivated using E8 lattice which could efficiently be amalgamated with multiple probes K-NN Approach and query-adaptive K- NN Approach. To validate the adopted hypothetical selections and to enlighten the efficiency of the suggested approach, a group of experimental results associated to the region-based image retrieval is carried out on the COREL data samples