Approaches in biotechnological applications of natural polymers

Natural polymers, such as gums and mucilage, are biocompatible, cheap, easily available and non-toxic materials of native origin. These polymers are increasingly preferred over synthetic materials for industrial applications due to their intrinsic properties, as well as they are considered alternative sources of raw materials since they present characteristics of sustainability, biodegradability and biosafety. As definition, gums and mucilages are polysaccharides or complex carbohydrates consisting of one or more monosaccharides or their derivatives linked in bewildering variety of linkages and structures. Natural gums are considered polysaccharides naturally occurring in varieties of plant seeds and exudates, tree or shrub exudates, seaweed extracts, fungi, bacteria, and animal sources. Water-soluble gums, also known as hydrocolloids, are considered exudates and are pathological products; therefore, they do not form a part of cell wall. On the other hand, mucilages are part of cell and physiological products. It is important to highlight that gums represent the largest amounts of polymer materials derived from plants. Gums have enormously large and broad applications in both food and non-food industries, being commonly used as thickening, binding, emulsifying, suspending, stabilizing agents and matrices for drug release in pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. In the food industry, their gelling properties and the ability to mold edible films and coatings are extensively studied. The use of gums depends on the intrinsic properties that they provide, often at costs below those of synthetic polymers. For upgrading the value of gums, they are being processed into various forms, including the most recent nanomaterials, for various biotechnological applications. Thus, the main natural polymers including galactomannans, cellulose, chitin, agar, carrageenan, alginate, cashew gum, pectin and starch, in addition to the current researches about them are reviewed in this article.. }To the Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientfíico e Tecnológico (CNPq) for fellowships (LCBBC and MGCC) and the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nvíel Superior (CAPES) (PBSA). This study was supported by the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT) under the scope of the strategic funding of UID/BIO/04469/2013 unit, the Project RECI/BBB-EBI/0179/2012 (FCOMP-01-0124-FEDER-027462) and COMPETE 2020 (POCI-01-0145-FEDER-006684) (JAT)

Artrite reumatóide: diagnóstico e tratamento

DESCRIÇÃO DO MÉTODO DE COLETA DE EVIDÊNCIAS: Reunião consensual e multidisciplinar com a participação de médicos reumatologistas, fisiatra e ortopedista para elaboração do texto final. O texto inicial tomou por base o documento do Colégio Americano de Reumatologia "Guidelines for the management of rheumatoid arthritis" e também o texto das "Diretrizes do Ministério da Saúde para o Diagnóstico e Tratamento da Artrite Reumatóide", acrescido da experiência de reumatologistas, e complementado por extensa revisão bibliográfica, com prioridade para meta-análises. Os participantes, divididos em três grupos, produziram o texto básico, cujas recomendações foram submetidas à revisão e à aprovação pelo conjunto dos participantes. Depois, disponibilizados na internet, foi objeto de novas sugestões por parte de outros especialistas, até alcançar a forma final. GRAU DE RECOMENDAÇÃO E FORÇA DE EVIDÊNCIA: A: Estudos experimentais e observacionais de melhor consistência. B: Estudos experimentais e observacionais de menor consistência. C: Relatos de casos (estudos não controlados). D: Opinião desprovida de avaliação crítica, baseada em consensos, estudos fisiológicos ou modelos animais. OBJETIVOS: Estabelecer diretrizes claras e sucintas para o diagnóstico e tratamento da artrite reumatóide. CONFLITO DE INTERESSE: Os autores Laurindo IMM, Ximenes AC, Lima FAC, Pinheiro GRC, Bertolo MB, Xavier RM, Ciconelli RM e Radominski SC declararam vínculo com a Indústria Farmacêutica