Dívida pública interna e determinantes de sua expansão 1994 a 2006

TCC (graduação) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina. Centro Sócio-Econômico. Economia.O objetivo deste estudo é verificar a participação da taxa básica de juros (Selic), taxa de câmbio e resultado primário do governo na variação da dívida interna, buscando definir qual o impacto do comportamento seguido por estas variáveis – taxas de juro elevadas, câmbio desvalorizado e déficits primários - no endividamento público brasileiro crescente a partir da década de 90. Ademais, há uma exposição dos referenciais teóricos através dos quais buscouse identificar os elementos formadores da dívida pública, em especial da dívida interna, seguida de uma contextualização ampla do cenário brasileiro, onde se procurou mostrar sob que condições o endividamento brasileiro explodiu a partir da segunda metade da década de 90

Acumulación, conflictos sociales y políticos de Estado en América Latina en las últimas décadas. Cambios y rupturas en el escenario regional

El objetivo de este artículo es analizar dialécticamente la correlación entre conflictos sociales y modos de desarrollo-acumulación económico-políticos. Se sostiene que las trasmutaciones económico-políticas que se han producido hacia fines de los años ´70 y todo los ´80 con la instauración del modelo neoliberal-posmoderno, han reconfigurado las formas relacionales de los conflictos y los procesos de movilización social. Para analizar la realidad socio-histórica latinoamericana en las últimas décadas se nos impone como tarea preliminar interrogarnos sobre los “cambios” y/o “rupturas" en el escenario regional, en correspondencia a la trama de fuerzas y componentes sociales que se articulan en el proceso relacional Neoliberalismo/conflicto/movimientos sociales sin dejar de problematizar las transformaciones en las formas y la actuación del Estado respecto de etapas anteriores.The objective of this article is to analyze the relationship between social conflicts, the models of accumulation and the State policies in Latin America in recent decades. It is considered that the neo-liberal policies have transformed the patterns of social conflicts appearing a greater diversity of actors and the fragmentation of the demands and protests.Fil: Galafassi, Guido Pascual. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Quilmes; Argentin

Entre la acumulación primitiva y la reproducción ampliada. Una reactualización del debate y su correlación con la explicación de los conflictos sociales en América Latina

The aim of this article is to analyze the relationship between primitive accumulation and expanded reproduction and how this relationship affects social conflicts in Latin America in recent decades. The objective is to characterize the different accumulation processes, related to the development process of natural resources exploitation and occupation and management of the land. The relationship between Capital, State, classes and social movements is one of the focus of this article. It is considered that the liberal and neo-liberal policies have transformed the patterns of social conflicts appearing a greater diversity of actors and the fragmentation of the demands and protests.En los últimos años se ha revitalizado la problemática que diferencia entre acumulación primitiva y reproducción ampliada. La dicotomía entre los modos de acumulación ofrece actualmente un muy rico andamiaje de discusión a partir de la pervivencia de varios componentes de la llamada acumulación originaria. Varios autores han rescatado las nociones que Marx primero y Luxemburgo después consideraban como procesos sucesivos e históricos y reactualizan supervivencia y coexistencia a partir de las problemáticas de la separación de las poblaciones respecto de sus medios históricos de producción, la aparición del trabajo asalariado y la constante reproducción de los mecanismos de acumulación, el cercamiento de los bienes comunes, diferenciando viejos de “nuevos cercamientos”. Esta distinción constituye un puntapié inicial que nos permite una primera y básica correlación diferencial entre acumulación y conflicto social, pudiendo distinguir todo un ciclo de conflictos basados en la desposesión. El objetivo de este artículo será entonces profundizar esta correlación pensando primordialmente en América Latina

Colonización y conformación moderna de las tierras del Delta del Paraná, Argentina (1860-1940)

En este artículo se aborda el proceso de transformación ocurrido en la vasta región del Delta del Paraná (Argentina) durante la segunda mitad del siglo XIX y la primera del siglo XX. En el desarrollo del proceso histórico y rural de esta región, es importante considerar el cambio que se produce en el paisaje desde un ámbito salvaje a uno doméstico. Se presentan las lógicas económicas y sociales de la expansión en diferentes maneras así como se estudian los diferentes actores sociales que han emergido en el proceso de colonización

Photosynthetic characteristics and diversity of freshwater Synechococcus at two depths during different mixing conditions in a deep oligotrophic lake

We studied the photosynthetic characteristics and genetic diversity of Synechococcus assemblages at two different light and mixing conditions in a deep oligotrophic lake (Lake Maggiore, Northern Italy). Sampling was performed at the beginning of summer stratification, when the base of the photic zone was isolated by the presence of a shallower thermocline, and during late summer, when the mixing layer extended below the photic zone. Two depths were sampled (15 % and 1 % of surface PAR). To study the diversity of Synechococcus, we used a classical molecular fingerprinting technique (Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis, DGGE) with ambient samples and sequencing of the prominent bands. The ecotypes selected within the samples from different depths were different in photosynthetic characteristics and grew in a range of nutrient concentrations. The OTUs colonizing different niches in the water column did not show any significant clustering. However, the OTU richness was significantly different at the two depths in spring, reaching the highest values at 15 % of surface PAR. Cluster analysis of DGGE lanes provided evidence of different community compositions between spring and late summer. Sequencing of the most prominent bands showed one spring OTU affiliated to the Synechococcus subalpine cluster I, with 100% similarity to LM94, MW76B2 and MW15#2 (sensu Crosbie et al. 2003a), not present in late summer. Another OTU present both in spring and late summer showed 100% similarity to MH301, a strain near to subalpine cluster II. Our results support the coexistence of ecotypes in the vertical gradients, rapidly acclimating and performing differently in the microhabitats

Learning about social-ecological trade-offs

PublishedThis is the final version of the article. Available from Resilience Alliance via the DOI in this record.Trade-offs are manifestations of the complex dynamics in interdependent social-ecological systems. Addressing trade-offs involves challenges of perception due to the dynamics of interdependence. We outline the challenges associated with addressing trade-offs and analyze knowledge coproduction as a practice that may contribute to tackling trade-offs in social-ecological systems. We discuss this through a case study in coastal Kenya in which an iterative knowledge coproduction process was facilitated to reveal social-ecological trade-offs in the face of ecological and socioeconomic change. Representatives of communities, government, and NGOs attended two integrative workshops in which methods derived from systems thinking, dialogue, participatory modeling, and scenarios were applied to encourage participants to engage and evaluate trade-offs. Based on process observation and interviews with participants and scientists, our analysis suggests that this process lead to increased appreciation of interdependences and the way in which trade-offs emerge from complex dynamics of interdependent factors. The process seemed to provoke a reflection of knowledge assumptions and narratives, and management goals for the social-ecological system. We also discuss how stakeholders link these insights to their practices.The primary and secondary stakeholders of the Nyali Beach fishery in focus groups and workshops is gratefully acknowledged. Arthur Tuda, Sheila Heymans, Allister McGregor, and Raphaël Mathevet advised on the design of the project. This paper is a result of the project "Participatory Modelling Frameworks to Understand Well-being Trade-offs in Coastal Ecosystem Services" (P-mowtick) funded by the Ecosystem Services and Poverty Alleviation (ESPA) program (ref number: NE/I00324X/1) and received further support from K. Brown's ESRC Professorial Fellowship (RES-051-27-0263). The ESPA program is funded by the Department for International Development (DFID), the Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC), and the Natural Environment Research Council (NERC). Diego Galafassi also acknowledges the support of the Strategic Research Program EkoKlim at Stockholm University through the Swedish Research Council for Environment, Agricultural Sciences and Spatial Planning (FORMAS)

Transformative spaces in the making: key lessons from nine cases in the Global South

Creating a just and sustainable planet will require not only small changes, but also systemic transformations in how humans relate to the planet and to each other, i.e., social–ecological transformations. We suggest there is a need for collaborative environments where experimentation with new configurations of social–ecological systems can occur, and we refer to these as transformative spaces. In this paper, we seek a better understanding of how to design and enable the creation of transformative spaces in a development context. We analyse nine case studies from a previous special issue on Designing Transformative Spaces that aimed to collect examples of cutting-edge action-oriented research on transformations from the Global South. The analysis showed five design phases as being essential: Problem Definition Phase; Operationalisation Phase; Tactical Phase; Outcome Phase; and Reflection Phase. From this synthesis, we distilled five key messages that should be considered when designing research, including: (a) there are ethical dilemmas associated with creating a transformative space in a system; (b) it is important to assess the readiness of the system for change before engaging in it; (c) there is a need to balance between ‘safe’ and ‘safe-enough’ spaces for transformation; (d) convening a transformative space requires an assemblage of diverse methodological frameworks and tools; and (e) transformative spaces can act as a starting point for institutionalising transformative change. Many researchers are now engaging in transdisciplinary transformations research, and are finding themselves at the knowledge–action interface contributing to transformative space-making. We hope that by analysing experiences from across different geographies we can contribute towards better understanding of how to navigate the processes needed for the urgent global transformations that are being called for to create a more equitable and sustainable planet Earth

Study of the time response of the ALICE TOF detector with muon pairs in ultraperipheral Pb-Pb collisions

L'obiettivo del presente lavoro di tesi è quello di caratterizzare i dettagli della risposta temporale del rivelatore Time-of-Flight (TOF). Sono stati utilizzati eventi contenenti esclusivamente due muoni primari derivanti dal decadimento $J/\psi\to\mu^+\mu^-$, con \jpsi prodotte in collisioni ultra-periferiche tramite il processo di fotoproduzione esclusiva. Tali eventi costituiscono una condizione "pulita" per lo studio in oggetto, in quanto il basso numero di tracce e la bassa probabilità di interazione dei muoni permettono di mantenere il fondo a livelli ottimali. Lo studio ha richiesto l'introduzione di una nuova variabile temporale $\Delta t_\pm$, sfruttando la correlazione tra il muone positivo e negativo, che permette l'eliminazione dell'incertezza su $t_0$, misura dell'istante in cui avviene l'urto. La prima parte dell'analisi consiste nella selezione degli eventi associati al decadimento delle $J/\psi$ in muoni attraverso condizioni su massa invariante e perdita di energia nella TPC. Quindi, poichè il modello puramente gaussiano non permette di effettuare un fit efficace del segnale, un modello alternativo è stato utilizzato: il modello q-Gaussiano. Introducento infatti solo un grado di libertà si ottiene un notevole miglioramento nell'adattamento ai dati da cui è possibile ricavare i parametri caratteristici per la variabile \Deltat_\pm: $q=1.54\pm0.06$ e $\sigma_{t_{TOF}}=56.5\pm3.3$~ps. La risposta temporale del TOF può quindi essere caratterizzata utilizzando un modello composito, costituito da una Gaussiana per tempi inferiori al picco e da una q-Gaussiana per tempo maggiori. Questo modello è stato applicato a eventi ad alta molteplicità con parametri ottenuti tramite la deconvoluzione del segnale $\Delta t_\pm$ $q=1.69\pm0.05$ e $\sigma=57.4\pm3.2$~ps. I dati utilizzati nella presente analisi sono stati raccolti nell'autunno del 2015 in collisioni Pb-Pb a LHC con energia del centro di massa per coppia di nucleone di $\sqrt{s_{NN}}=5.02$~TeV

Plastic sources: A survey across scientific and grey literature for their inventory and relative contribution to microplastics pollution in natural environments, with an emphasis on surface water

Embargo until 22 July 2019Plastic debris are at present recognized as an emerging potential threat for natural environments, wildlife and humans. In the past years an increasing attention has been addressed to investigate the presence and concentration of plastic debris in the ecosystems, including surface waters. Scientific literature extensively describes the ingestion by aquatic fauna, the transfer into food webs and the potential action as a vector for toxic compounds or alien microorganisms. Although the scientific community addresses this issue with considerable effort, many questions remain open. In particular, new sources of microplastics have been recently recognized, possibly representing major environmental inputs compared to those previously considered. In addition to the already renowned sources such as the embrittlement of plastic litter and microbeads released from personal care products, microplastic can be released also by washing of synthetic clothes, abrasion of vehicles tyres and from the weathering of different kind of paints. This review tries to exhaustively enumerate all the possible sources of plastic litter that have been identified so far and to report quantitative assessments of their inputs on microplastics pollution to natural environments reported in scientific and grey literature, with an emphasis on surface waters.acceptedVersio