Responsibility for managing musculoskeletal disorders – A cross-sectional postal survey of attitudes

Background: Musculoskeletal disorders are a major burden on individuals, health systems and social care systems and rehabilitation efforts in these disorders are considerable. Self-care is often considered a cost effective treatment alternative owing to limited health care resources. But what are the expectations and attitudes in this question in the general population? The purpose of this study was to describe general attitudes to responsibility for the management of musculoskeletal disorders and to explore associations between attitudes and background variables. Methods: A cross-sectional, postal questionnaire survey was carried out with a random sample of a general adult Swedish population of 1770 persons. Sixty-one percent (n = 1082) responded to the questionnaire and was included for the description of general attitudes towards responsibility for the management of musculoskeletal disorders. For the further analyses of associations to background variables 683–693 individuals could be included. Attitudes were measured by the "Attitudes regarding Responsibility for Musculoskeletal disorders" (ARM) instrument, where responsibility is attributed on four dimensions; to myself, as being out of my hands, to employers or to (medical) professionals. Multiple logistic regression was used to explore associations between attitudes to musculoskeletal disorders and the background variables age, sex, education, physical activity, presence of musculoskeletal disorders, sick leave and whether the person had visited a care provider. Results: A majority of participants had internal views, i.e. showed an attitude of taking personal responsibility for musculoskeletal disorders, and did not place responsibility for the management out of their own hands or to employers. However, attributing shared responsibility between self and medical professionals was also found.The main associations found between attitude towards responsibility for musculoskeletal disorders and investigated background variables were that physical inactivity (OR 2.92–9.20), musculoskeletal disorder related sick leave (OR 2.31–3.07) and no education beyond the compulsory level (OR 3.12–4.76) increased the odds of attributing responsibility externally, i.e placing responsibility on someone or something else.Conclusion: Respondents in this study mainly saw themselves as responsible for managing musculoskeletal disorders. The associated background variables refined this finding and one conclusion is that, to optimise outcome when planning the prevention, treatment and management of these disorders, people's attitudes should be taken into account

Which reconstructive procedures are effective for treating the periodontal intraosseous defect?

The aim of this article was to determine the effect of GTR, grafting procedures or the application of enamel matrix proteins in addition to OFD in the treatment of deep intraosseous defects. Overall, data resulting from systematic reviews indicate that all reconstructive treatment modalities produce comparable and more favorable clinical improvements in hard and soft tissue parameters of healing response (i.e. clinical attachment gain, pocket reduction and bone fill) compared to conventional OFD procedures. Although the biomaterial-supplemented reconstructive procedures are associated with a generally positive treatment effects with respect to OFD, a significant heterogeneity was found among studies in the different reconstructive procedures. This limits the possibility of drawing general conclusions about the clinical relevance (in particular, the magnitude of the adjunctive effect) of the additional use of GTR, grafting procedures or enamel matrix proteins for the treatment of intraosseous defects. Some of the possible causes of heterogeneity have been explored; however, the limited number of studies currently available did not permit definite conclusions about which factors account for the variability in treatment outcome. More research is therefore needed to identify patient, site, choice of material and technique factors associated with the successful outcome of treatment of intraosseous defects. This review indicates that different reconstructive procedures support comparable clinical outcomes. It should, however, be considered that similar improvements in clinical parameters do not necessarily imply similar wound healing processes on a histologic level. Whereas the use of some reconstructive procedures, such as GTR and enamel matrix proteins, has been demonstrated to result in a true and complete periodontal regeneration, for some of the graft biomaterials the effect on the formation of a new attachment apparatus, including bone, cementum and periodontal ligament, rather than periodontal repair, is still a matter of debate. Due to limited information on long-term outcomes, it is unclear whether the stability of periodontal support and tooth survival are affected by the additional application of reconstructive devices ⁄ biomaterials. While the improvements in probing recordings may be reasonably considered surrogate measurements related to a better long-term tooth prognosis, we recommend that more clinical studies should examine whether and to what extent more compromised teeth could be saved using a reconstructive procedure. There are at present insufficient data to permit analytic comparisons among different reconstructive procedures with OFD with respect to patient-centered outcomes. When considering the adjunctive effect of reconstructive procedures, evaluation of adverse effects related to the additional use of biomaterials ⁄ biological agents, postoperative complications, ease of maintenance, change in aesthetic appearance, estimation of patient well-being, and cost ⁄ benefit ratio (including estimation of additional treatment time and costs for implant ⁄ placement of biomaterials ⁄ biological agents) should be carried out. Studies including patient-centered outcomes will be critical, as well as long-term follow-up cohorts to examine the effect of a reconstructive biomaterial ⁄ device on true therapeutic endpoints