Effects of Soy Protein-Based Formula in Full-Term Infants

There are no significant long-term detrimental effects associated with the use of currently available, commercially produced, isolated soy protein-based formula in full-term infants. (Strength of Recommendation: B, based primarily on cohort studies). The number of well-controlled, long-term studies is limited

Problemas de atención en niños de 4 a 5 años

La atención es crucial en los primeros años de vida de los niños, ya que impacta significativamente en su desarrollo cognitivo, académico y social. Explorar los diferentes aspectos vinculados a las dificultades de atención en niños de 4 a 5 años, analizando las causas que inciden en esta capacidad. En una escuela rural de Manabí, se detectaron dificultades de atención en este grupo de edad, lo que afecta su aprendizaje. Para abordar esta situación, se propone implementar un programa que conste de varias sesiones dirigidas por los docentes. A través de estrategias de juego seleccionadas, se busca fomentar la participación y el movimiento, garantizando que los niños mantengan su atención en las actividades propuestas y puedan superar los desafíos propios de esta etapa crucial de su desarrollo

Precision Bounds on Continuous-Variable State Tomography using Classical Shadows

Shadow tomography is a framework for constructing succinct descriptions of quantum states using randomized measurement bases, called classical shadows, with powerful methods to bound the estimators used. We recast existing experimental protocols for continuous-variable quantum state tomography in the classical-shadow framework, obtaining rigorous bounds on the number of independent measurements needed for estimating density matrices from these protocols. We analyze the efficiency of homodyne, heterodyne, photon number resolving (PNR), and photon-parity protocols. To reach a desired precision on the classical shadow of an $N$-photon density matrix with a high probability, we show that homodyne detection requires an order $\mathcal{O}(N^{4+1/3})$ measurements in the worst case, whereas PNR and photon-parity detection require $\mathcal{O}(N^4)$ measurements in the worst case (both up to logarithmic corrections). We benchmark these results against numerical simulation as well as experimental data from optical homodyne experiments. We find that numerical and experimental homodyne tomography significantly outperforms our bounds, exhibiting a more typical scaling of the number of measurements that is close to linear in $N$. We extend our single-mode results to an efficient construction of multimode shadows based on local measurements.Comment: Title changed; added new corollary, references and additional explanation

Subspace Correction for Constraints

We demonstrate that it is possible to construct operators that stabilize the constraint-satisfying subspaces of computational problems in their Ising representations. We provide an explicit recipe to construct unitaries and associated measurements for some such constraints. The stabilizer measurements allow the detection of constraint violations, and provide a route to recovery back into the constrained subspace. We call this technique ``subspace correction". As an example, we explicitly investigate the stabilizers using the simplest local constraint subspace: Independent Set. We find an algorithm that is guaranteed to produce a perfect uniform or weighted distribution over all constraint-satisfying states when paired with a stopping condition: a quantum analogue of partial rejection sampling. The stopping condition can be modified for sub-graph approximations. We show that it can prepare exact Gibbs distributions on $d-$regular graphs below a critical hardness $\lambda_d^*$ in sub-linear time. Finally, we look at a potential use of subspace correction for fault-tolerant depth-reduction. In particular we investigate how the technique detects and recovers errors induced by Trotterization in preparing maximum independent set using an adiabatic state preparation algorithm.Comment: 12 + 4 pages, 6 figure

Drivers of Food Service Need and Use among Non-Hispanic Black and Hispanic Men with Chronic Conditions in the United States

Proper nutrition plays an important role in the management of chronic health conditions. Food insecurity is predominant and differs across certain races and ethnicities, which highlights the importance of community-based food service access and utilization. In this context, the current study examined factors associated with community-based food service needs and utilization among middle-aged and older non-Hispanic Black and Hispanic men with chronic conditions. Data were analyzed from 1,982 men who completed an internet-delivered, cross-sectional survey. Multinomial logistic regression identified factors associated with food service needs and use by race and ethnicity. While 17% of men reported needing food services, only 6% utilized them. Factors such as age, household size, household income, and number of chronic conditions significantly influenced food service utilization. Compared to men who did not need food services, each additional year of age decreased the odds of needing food services (regardless of use) in the past year (needed but not used: OR = 0.963, p \u3c 0.001; needed and used: OR = 0.974, p \u3c 0.05). However, each additional chronic condition increased the odds of needing food services (regardless of use) (needed but not used: OR = 1.101, p \u3c 0.001; needed and used: OR = 1.095, p \u3c 0.001). This study underscores the importance of tailored interventions to address food insecurity and improve the uptake of eligible food services among at-risk populations. By leveraging cultural values and community resources, practitioners and policymakers can enhance engagement with food services and improve health outcomes

Development and validation of an LC-MS/MS methodology for the quantification of thyroid hormones in dko MCT8/OATP1C1 mouse brain.

The Allan-Herndon Dudley Syndrome (AHDS) is a rare disease caused by the progressive loss of monocarboxylate transporter 8 (MCT8). In patients with AHDS, the absence of MCT8 impairs transport of thyroid hormones (TH) through the blood brain barrier, leading to a central state of TH deficiency. In mice, the AHDS is mimicked by simultaneous deletion of the TH transporters MCT8 and the solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1c1 (OATP1C1). To support preclinical mouse studies, an analytical methodology was developed and successfully applied for quantifying selected thyroid hormones in mouse whole brain and in specific regions using liquid chromatography tandem mass-spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). An important requirement for the methodology was its high sensitivity since a very low concentration of THs was expected in MCT8/OATP1C1 double-knockout (dko) mouse brain. Seven THs were targeted: L-thyroxine (T4), 3,3´,5-triiodo-L-thyronine-thyronine (T3), 3,3´,5´-triiodo-L-thyronine-thyronine (rT3), 3,3´-diiodo-L-thyronine (3,3´-T2, T2), 3,5-diiodo-L-thyronine (rT2, 3,5-T2), 3-iodo-L-thyronine (T1), 3-iodothyronamine (T1AM). Isotope dilution liquid chromatography triple-quadrupole mass spectrometry methodology was applied for detection and quantification. The method was validated in wild-type animals for mouse whole brain and for five different brain regions (hypothalamus, hippocampus, prefrontal cortex, brainstem and cortex). Instrumental calibration curves ranged from 0.35 to 150 pg/µL with good linearity (r2 >0.996). The limit of quantification was from 0.08 to 0.6 pg/mg, with an intra- and inter-day precision of 4.2-14.02% and 0.4-17.9% respectively, and accuracies between 84.9% and 114.8% when the methodology was validated for the whole brain. In smaller, distinct brain regions, intra- and inter-day precision were 0.6-20.7% and 2.5-15.6% respectively, and accuracies were 80.2-128.6%. The new methodology was highly sensitive and allowed for the following quantification in wild-type mice: (i) for the first time, four distinct thyroid hormones (T4, T3, rT3 and 3,3´-T2) in only approximately 100 mg of mouse brain were detected; (ii) the quantification of T4 and T3 for the first time in distinct mouse brain regions were reported. Further, application of our method to MCT8/OATP1C1 dko mice revealed the expected, relative lack of T3 and T4 uptake into the brain, and confirmed the utility of our analytical method to study TH transport across the blood brain barrier in a preclinical model of central TH deficiency

GLP-1-mediated delivery of tesaglitazar improves obesity and glucose metabolism in male mice

Dual agonists activating the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors alpha and gamma (PPARɑ/ɣ) have beneficial effects on glucose and lipid metabolism in patients with type 2 diabetes, but their development was discontinued due to potential adverse effects. Here we report the design and preclinical evaluation of a molecule that covalently links the PPARɑ/ɣ dual-agonist tesaglitazar to a GLP-1 receptor agonist (GLP-1RA) to allow for GLP-1R-dependent cellular delivery of tesaglitazar. GLP-1RA/tesaglitazar does not differ from the pharmacokinetically matched GLP-1RA in GLP-1R signalling, but shows GLP-1R-dependent PPARɣ-retinoic acid receptor heterodimerization and enhanced improvements of body weight, food intake and glucose metabolism relative to the GLP-1RA or tesaglitazar alone in obese male mice. The conjugate fails to affect body weight and glucose metabolism in GLP-1R knockout mice and shows preserved effects in obese mice at subthreshold doses for the GLP-1RA and tesaglitazar. Liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry-based proteomics identified PPAR regulated proteins in the hypothalamus that are acutely upregulated by GLP-1RA/tesaglitazar. Our data show that GLP-1RA/tesaglitazar improves glucose control with superior efficacy to the GLP-1RA or tesaglitazar alone and suggest that this conjugate might hold therapeutic value to acutely treat hyperglycaemia and insulin resistance

Key signalling nodes in mammary gland development and cancer. Mitogen-activated protein kinase signalling in experimental models of breast cancer progression and in mammary gland development

Seven classes of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) intracellular signalling cascades exist, four of which are implicated in breast disease and function in mammary epithelial cells. These are the extracellular regulated kinase (ERK)1/2 pathway, the ERK5 pathway, the p38 pathway and the c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) pathway. In some forms of human breast cancer and in many experimental models of breast cancer progression, signalling through the ERK1/2 pathway, in particular, has been implicated as being important. We review the influence of ERK1/2 activity on the organised three-dimensional association of mammary epithelial cells, and in models of breast cancer cell invasion. We assess the importance of epidermal growth factor receptor family signalling through ERK1/2 in models of breast cancer progression and the influence of ERK1/2 on its substrate, the oestrogen receptor, in this context. In parallel, we consider the importance of these MAPK-centred signalling cascades during the cycle of mammary gland development. Although less extensively studied, we highlight the instances of signalling through the p38, JNK and ERK5 pathways involved in breast cancer progression and mammary gland development

A systems analysis of caste-based discrimination in Nepal: Identifying a tipping point to dismantle endemic marginalization of Dalits

The dominance of Hindu religion in the past was responsible for the emergence of a caste-based hierarchy, where illiteracy, poverty, and political under representation have played a significant role in the continuation of the caste-based divisions in Nepalese society. In the caste hierarchy, Dalits - often identified as lower castes and untouchables - were kept at the bottom of the social structure, and this has perpetuated individual, institutional and structural discriminations in Nepal, for example untouchability at public/private sectors, adverse inter-caste marriage consequences, labour and job segregation, and exclusion from socio-economic and political opportunities. Consequently, Dalits have been experiencing difficulty in living a dignified life as defined by international and national human rights conventions. This study focuses on Dalits of Nepal who, according to the National Census 2011, comprise 13.62 per cent of the total population. It identifies religious belief, rooted in the Hindu religion, as the primary basis of caste-based discrimination, according to which Dalits are supposed to be inherently inferior with respect to their intelligence and aptitude for work. Rampant poverty and illiteracy among Dalits and their political under representation leave them vulnerable to caste-based discrimination in what amounts to a vicious cycle of inequality and discrimination. Illiteracy, poverty (particularly unemployment) and political under representation of Dalits have collectively reinforced caste-based inequality in Nepalese society. It is contended that strengthening governance at the global, national, and community levels may create a conducive environment for achieving caste equality, particularly in terms of improving educational levels that plays a key role in breaking the vicious cycle of discrimination entrenched in the caste system

Quercetin Mitigates Neurotoxicity and Enhances Antileukemic Effects of Vincristine Against Childhood Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia CCRF-CEM Cells

Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), the predominant form of childhood blood cancer, impacts roughly 60,000 children and results in approximately 25,000 deaths annually in the world. Vincristine, a chemotherapy drug widely used in the treatment of ALL, can cause neurotoxic side effects. The neurotoxic side effects and the development of drug resistance associated with vincristine can compromise the quality of life for patients. The significant side effects associated with chemotherapy drugs drive researchers and clinicians to seek plant-based compounds with minimal to no adverse effects. My study investigates how quercetin, a naturally occurring flavonoid, can mitigate vincristine-induced neurotoxicity and enhance its therapeutic effect on the survival of human acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells (CCRF-CEM cells). Vincristine (0.02, 0.2, 2 μM) and quercetin (25, 50, 75 μM) treatments exhibited a dose- and time-dependent reduction in CCRF-CEM cell proliferation over 24-72 hours. Co-treatment with quercetin (12.5, 25, 50 μM) and vincristine doses (0.01, 0.1, 1 μM) demonstrated enhanced suppression compared to vincristine alone. This combination displayed strong synergism (combination index of 0.44), emphasizing its superior efficacy in reducing leukemia cell viability. Particularly, the 0.1 μM vincristine and 25 μM quercetin combination exhibited heightened suppression of CCRF-CEM cells. My research outcomes demonstrated that quercetin significantly elevated the levels of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor-2 (Nrf2) expression relative to the vincristine-treated control group. This indicates a potential mechanism through which quercetin mitigates neurotoxicity and enhances the therapeutic efficacy of vincristine in the treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia