The Effects of Active Shootings on 4-H Youth and Families

The effects of active shootings should be a priority to provide needed assistance to 4-H youth and families in coping with their social-emotional well-being. Exposure to such violence can lead to lasting impacts on youth that can affect behavior. Addressing this sensitive topic is crucial in ensuring that Extension professionals are prepared to meet the needs of youth and families. Higher rates of depression, aggression, to name a few, are a result of having witnessed such events as a shooting. Providing training for Extension personnel can aid in reducing the amount of PTSD and other social-emotional trauma

Dryness and Desperate Measures: The Implications of Land Tenure on Rocky Mountain Ranchers’ Drought Experiences and Behaviors

Ranchers in the Rocky Mountain West navigate a complex land-tenure system comprised of deeded, leased, and public grazing lands. Droughts create management challenges for ranchers across their land holdings and impose physical, social, and economic impacts on the ranching system. However, while some studies have explored western ranchers’ drought experiences and management strategies, none have looked specifically at the role land tenure plays in their drought responses, and most literature on the relationship between land tenure and drought has thus far focused outside the United States. The goal of this study, then, was explore the implications of land tenure on ranchers’ drought coping behaviors and adaptive capacity. What adjustments and adaptations do ranchers deploy to cope with drought? How do ranchers’ drought experiences and management strategies differ across land holdings? What role do institutions play? And what factors influence the future adaptability of the system, particularly to potential climate change

Interpreting bulk tank milk culture

The primary goal of a Bulk Tank Milk Culture (BTMC) is to determine what types of bacteria are in milk. Bacteria originate from three sources: udder tissue infected with a contagious bacteria, cow's environment, including milking equipment, and bacteria flora that reside on the teat or udder skin. Use this chart to change your management towards reducing bacteria counts. You can reduce or control the source of bacteria, or modify the environment so it cannot survive. Your veterinarian, sanitarian, or Extension dairy agent can help you. The final result is higher quality milk in your bulk tank and higher producing cows free of udder infection.Published January 1992. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalo

Wastewater volume and nitrogen concentrations in Willamette Valley, Oregon dairy ponds

Published September 1994. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalo

Analysis of separated manure solids from selected manure separators in Willamette Valley, Oregon, dairy facilities

Published April 1995. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalo

Animal waste complaints : how the process works

Published November 1991. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalo

Serine Protease Autotransporters of Enterobacteriaceae (SPATEs): Biogenesis and Function

Serine Protease Autotransporters of Enterobacteriaceae (SPATEs) constitute a large family of proteases secreted by Escherichia coli and Shigella. SPATEs exhibit two distinct proteolytic activities. First, a C-terminal catalytic site triggers an intra-molecular cleavage that releases the N-terminal portion of these proteins in the extracellular medium. Second, the secreted N-terminal domains of SPATEs are themselves proteases; each contains a canonical serine-protease catalytic site. Some of these secreted proteases are toxins, eliciting various effects on mammalian cells. Here, we discuss the biogenesis of SPATEs and their function as toxins

The Versatility of the Helicobacter pylori Vacuolating Cytotoxin VacA in Signal Transduction and Molecular Crosstalk

By modulating important properties of eukaryotic cells, many bacterial protein toxins highjack host signalling pathways to create a suitable niche for the pathogen to colonize and persist. Helicobacter pylori VacA is paradigm of pore-forming toxins which contributes to the pathogenesis of peptic ulceration. Several cellular receptors have been described for VacA, which exert different effects on epithelial and immune cells. The crystal structure of VacA p55 subunit might be important for elucidating details of receptor interaction and pore formation. Here we discuss the multiple signalling activities of this important toxin and the molecular crosstalk between VacA and other virulence factors