Dispersed Data Problems as an Option to Increase the Effectiveness of Physics Studies

Väitekirja elektrooniline versioon ei sisalda publikatsioone.Doktoriväitekirja üldine eesmärk oli selgitada välja, kuidas mõjutavad ülesanded füüsikaõppe efektiivsust ja kas tulemused sõltuvad ka ülesannete tüübist. Püstitati uurimisküsimused: kas esineb erinevusi gümnaasiumiõpilaste ja -õpetajate hinnangutes selle kohta, millised õppemeetodid on füüsika tunnis efektiivsemad ja motiveerivad õpilasi rohkem? Kuidas on võimalik mõõta füüsikaõppe efektiivsust? Kas ülesannete vorm ja seos igapäevaeluga tõstab õppe-efektiivsust ning muudab teadmisi ja oskusi püsivamaks? Kas hajusandmetega ülesanded motiveerivad õpilasi rohkem ning suurendavad füüsikaõppe efektiivsust? Eesmärgiga selgitada välja, milliseid õppemeetodid kasutatakse koolifüüsikas õpimotivatsiooni tõstjatena, viidi läbi ankeetküsitlus, milles osales 73 õpetajat ja 1418 õpilast. Seejärel viidi läbi pikaajaline pedagoogiline eksperiment, kus õppetöös kasutati traditsioonilisi ja hajusandmetega ülesandeid. Hajusandmetega ülesannetes kirjeldatud olukorrad on seotud igapäevaeluga ja arvandmed on esitatud olukorra kirjeldusest eraldi. Lähteandmeid on alati kas rohkem või vähem kui lahendamiseks vaja läheb. Eksperimendis osales 14 õpetajat ning 620 õpilast. Samuti töötati välja ja katsetati valemit õppe-efektiivsuse määramiseks, katsetes osales 1125 õpilast. Efektiivsusevalemi usaldatavuse kontrollimiseks võrreldi saadud tulemusi teiste instrumentidega. Uuringutest tehti järgmised järeldused. Nii õpetajad kui õpilased hindavad kõrgelt ülesannete lahendamise kasulikkust. Leiti statistiliselt olulisi erinevusi selles, et õpilased hindavad õpetajatest kõrgemalt ülesannete huvitavuse vajadust ja nende seost reaalse eluga. Pikaajalise pedagoogilise eksperimendi tulemused näitasid statistiliselt olulisel määral, et hajusandmetega ülesannete lahendamine tõstab teadmiste ja oskuste omandamist ja rakendamist ning nende püsivust. Samuti selgus, et nad motiveerivad õpilasi rohkem. Füüsikaõppe efektiivsuse määramiseks tuletati valem, mis andis statistiliselt olulise positiivse tulemuse. Kokkuvõtteks võib öelda, et käesoleva väitekirja teoreetiliste ja empiiriliste uuringute tulemused panevad aluse võimalikule hajusandmetega ülesannete kasutamisele ja selle tulemusena füüsikaõppe efektiivsuse tõusule gümnaasiumis.The general aim of this doctoral thesis is to prove how problem solving influences the efficiency of physics studies, and whether the results depend on the type of problems or not. The following research issues were raised: how do upper secondary students and teachers evaluate the efficiency and motivation behind physics study methods? How to measure the efficiency of physics studies? Do formats and the relation to real-life situations of the physics problems increase learning efficiency and retention of knowledge and skills? Do dispersed data problems motivate students more and increase efficiency in learning physics? A preliminary survey to establish the types of physics problems as increasers of motivation was conducted with 73 teachers and 1418 students. Subsequently, a long-term experiment using traditional and dispersed data problems for studying physics was carried out. Dispersed data problems were related to real-life situations, and the numeric data was separated from the description of the situation. There was always either more or less data available than needed for solving the problem. Fourteen teachers and 620 students participated in the experiment. A formula for determining learning efficiency was also elaborated and tested with 1125 students as a sample. In order to test the efficiency formula, the results were compared with other instruments. The research issues were solved. Statistically significant differences were found to exist between teachers’ and students’ evaluation of the problems’ engaging nature and their relation to real-life situations However the students attached a higher value as regards to dispersed data problems. No statistically significant difference was found in the usefulness of the problems: both teachers and students found the problems to be highly useful. The results of the long-term teaching and learning experiment have proved to a statistically significant level that using dispersed data problems increases the acquisition and retention of the knowledge and skills by the learners. The formula for determining efficiency of physics studies gave a statistically positive result. To conclude, the results of the theoretical and empirical research of this thesis lay a foundation for the prospective use of dispersed data problems, thus increasing the efficiency of physics studies at the upper-secondary level

Veebilehe otsingumootorile optimeerimise õiguslikud küsimused kaubamärgi õiguse kontekstis

https://www.ester.ee/record=b5245358~S

Proceso de compras por montos iguales o menores a 8 unidades impositivas tributarias y ejecución presupuestal en las Municipalidades de Huallaga y Bellavista, Región San Martín, 2017 - 2018

La presente investigación titulada: Proceso de compras por montos iguales o menores a 8 Unidades Impositivas Tributarias y ejecución presupuestal en las Municipalidades de Huallaga y Bellavista, región San Martín, 2017-2018. El cual contó con enfoque cuantitativo de tipo correlacional y con un diseño de estudio no experimental, una población de 136 tragadores de las municipalidades y la muestra se conformó por 120 trabajadores. Se emplearon dos cuestionarios, para la variable proceso de compras menores o iguales a 8 UITs se consideraron 28 preguntas y para la variable ejecución presupuestal, 24 preguntas; los dos instrumentos tuvieron una escala valorativa tipo Likert. De la investigación se concluyó que existe relación entre proceso de compras menores o iguales a 8 UITs y ejecución presupuestal en las Municipalidades de Huallaga y Bellavista, debido al valor de sig. (Bilateral) con un nivel de confianza de 95% igual a 0,000 y coeficiente de Pearson igual a 0,784, aceptando de esta forma la hipótesis de estudio.The present investigation entitled: Purchasing process for amounts equal to or less than 8 Tax Tax Units and budget execution in the Municipalities of Huallaga and Bellavista, San Martín region, 2017-2018. Which had a quantitative approach of correlational type and with a non-experimental study design, a population of 136 swindlers of the municipalities and the sample was formed by 120 workers. Two questionnaires were used, for the process variable of purchases less than or equal to 8 UITs, 28 questions were considered and for the budget execution variable, 24 questions were considered; the two instruments had a Likert type rating scale. From the investigation, it was concluded that there is a relationship between the procurement process of less than or equal to 8 UITs and budget execution in the Municipalities of Huallaga and Bellavista, due to the value of sig. (Bilateral) with a confidence level of 95% equal to 0.000 and a Pearson coefficient equal to 0.784, thus accepting the study hypothesis

Formação de advérbios de modo na antiga língua russa (exemplificados por textos literários dos séculos VI-XVI)

The study proves that the prefixal method is the main way of forming adverbs of manner in the Old Russian language. The teaching of language historians about the formation of Old Russian adverbs is based on a stable idea about the ongoing or incomplete adverbialization of prepositional-substantive or prepositional-attributive combinations. This viewpoint on adverbs affected the historical coverage of this part of speech not only in academic research but also in educational literature. Adverbs of manner, which are integral grammatical and lexical components of the Russian language, have not yet been a research subject.El estudio demuestra que el método prefijo es la forma principal de formar adverbios de modo en el idioma ruso antiguo. La enseñanza de los historiadores de la lengua sobre la formación de adverbios en ruso antiguo se basa en una idea estable sobre la adverbialización continua o incompleta de combinaciones preposicionales-sustantivas o preposicionales-atributivas. Este punto de vista sobre los adverbios afectó la cobertura histórica de esta parte del discurso no solo en la investigación académica sino también en la literatura educativa. Los adverbios de modo, que son componentes integrales gramaticales y léxicos del idioma ruso, aún no han sido objeto de investigación.O estudo comprova que o método prefixal é a principal forma de formação de advérbios de modo na língua russa antiga. O ensino de historiadores da linguagem sobre a formação de advérbios do russo antigo é baseado em uma ideia estável sobre a adverbialização contínua ou incompleta de combinações preposicional-substantivas ou preposicional-atributivas. Esse ponto de vista sobre os advérbios afetou a cobertura histórica dessa parte do discurso não apenas na pesquisa acadêmica, mas também na literatura educacional. Os advérbios de modo, que são componentes gramaticais e lexicais integrais da língua russa, ainda não foram objeto de pesquisa

ПАРАДИГМАЛЬНЫЕ СДВИГИ И ПЕРСПЕКТИВЫ РАЗВИТИЯ ОТЕЧЕСТВЕННОГО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ: СОЦИАЛЬНО-ФИЛОСОФСКИЙ АНАЛИЗ

The paper reveals the problem of paradigmatic shift in national pedagogics on the basis of classical and modern publications analysis; it considers transfer from classical (“Knowledge”) paradigm to competence building one. The competency building paradigm underlying modern modernization processes in the field of education is assessed as being contrary to the values and outlooks of development of both individual and culture in general. The analysis introduces the concept “phenomenon of childhood” as a method for evaluating educational paradigms and values of modern education. Educational system, especially preschool educational and secondary one, deals with children. The situation concerning children in the modern world is estimated as critical one in terms of understanding and assessment of childhood by adults, and problems of relationships between adults and children. The article makes conclusion about the necessity to understand the phenomenon of childhood as the foundation of educational system in Russia, especially due to the dominant position of general teaching stereotypes and approaches of autocratic pedagogy. Therefore, all the modernization processes in education and society are to be failed if there no paradigmatic changes in adults consciousness in respect to children. Socio-philosophic studying of childhood phenomenon is based on interdisciplinary approach and it is significant for founding new paradigms of modern teachers’ consciousness. The studying allows generalizing philosophic and pedagogic knowledge and other subjects in order to found new concept of childhood phenomenon which corresponds new comprehension of values and significance for modern society.В статье на основе анализа классических и современных публикаций рассматривается проблема парадигмального сдвига в отечественной педагогике, в частности переход от классической («знаниевой») к компетентностной парадигме. Компетентностная парадигма, лежащая в основе современных модернизационных процессов в сфере образования, оценивается как противоречащая ценностям и перспективам развития как отдельного человека, так и культуры в целом. В результате анализа вводится понятие «феномена детства» как способа оценки образовательных парадигм и ценностей современного образования. Вся система образования, особенно дошкольного и среднего, связана с детьми. Положение детей в современном мире оценивается как критическое с точки зрения понимания и оценки детства взрослыми, а также проблем взаимоотношений взрослых и детей. Делается вывод о необходимости понимания феномена детства как фундамента всей образовательной системы России, особенно вследствие доминирования традиционных педагогических стереотипов и подходов авторитарной педагогики. Соответственно, без парадигмальных сдвигов в сознании взрослых (педагогического сообщества в частности) по отношению к детям все модернизационные процессы в образовании и обществе в целом обречены на неудачу. Особое значение для формирования новых парадигм сознания современных поколений педагогов, с точки зрения автора, имеет социально-философское изучение феномена детства на основе междисциплинарного подхода, который позволяет синтезировать знания философии и педагогики, а также других смежных дисциплин для формирования нового понимания феномена детства, соответствующего новому пониманию его ценностей и смыслов для современного общества

On the Self-Regularization of Ill-Posed Problems by the Least Error Projection Method

We consider linear ill-posed problems where both the operator and the right hand side are given approximately. For approximate solution of this equation we use the least error projection method. This method occurs to be a regularization method if the dimension of the projected equation is chosen properly depending on the noise levels of the operator and the right hand side. We formulate the monotone error rule for choice of the dimension of the projected equation and prove the regularization properties

Methodological foundations of the formation of clinical thinking elements in students of a medical university while teaching physics.

Actualmente las universidades de Europa, Estados Unidos y Rusia realizan el modelo de competencias como el conjunto de competencias en la formación de futuros médicos; sin embargo, la formación de este conjunto no garantiza que los graduados tengan éxito en sus actividades profesionales. Según médicos competentes, el pensamiento clínico es lo que garantiza su profesionalismo. Los autores del estudio tienen como objetivo desarrollar métodos para la enseñanza de la física a los estudiantes de universidades médicas que contribuyan a la formación del pensamiento clínico. El artículo describe el modelo de este método y sus particularidades, y da una breve descripción de los resultados de su introducción al proceso educativo en una universidad médica.Nowadays medical universities in Europe, America and Russian Federation implement competence-based model of training a future doctor as a complex of competencies. However, formation of the given complex does not guarantee successful performance of professional activity by the graduates. According to the opinion of authoritative doctors, the key of professionalism lies in the presence of medical judgment. The authors of the given research set their goal as developing methods of teaching physics to medical university students that promote the formation of medical judgment. The article reveals the model of the given methods and their peculiarities; results of introducing these methods into the learning process of a medical university are briefly described

Solvent-free synthesis of cyclic carbonates from CO2 and epoxides catalyzed by reusable alumina-supported zinc dichloride

There is an ongoing interest to advance in the production of cyclic carbonates from carbon dioxide and epoxides under sustainable conditions. The ZnCl2/Al2O3-TBAI system has evinced to be a cheap, simple, readily accessible and reusable catalyst for the reaction of carbon dioxide with aromatic, aliphatic, cyclic and fluorinated epoxides with a low metal loading under solvent-free and mild conditions. This system has been also shown to be adequate for the reaction of epoxides with carbon disulfide to form the sulfur-containing cyclic carbonate analogs.This study was generously supported by the Russian Science Foundation [project no. 14-23-00186 P], the M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University Program of Development, the Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades [MICIU; grant no. CTQ2017-88171-P] and the Generalitat Valenciana [GV; grant no. AICO/2017/007]

Development of the Russian Far East and the Arctic: demographic aspect

The article considers the geostrategic territories of the Russian Far East and the Arctic. The paper emphasizes the need to ensure the accelerated socio-economic development of these territories in order to preserve and strengthen the positions of Russia as an energy and mineral-raw superpower. In the course of analyzing the demographic situation, the authors identified the main reasons for the migration movement of the population, and also assessed the impact of the demographic situation on the socio-economic development of the Russian Far East and the Arctic. The study established that the attraction of labor resources to the extractive industry would quickly increase the gross regional product from the use of the existing resource and energy base of the macro region. The use of the natural resource potential of the Far East and the Arctic will strengthen the status of Russia in the international arena as an energy and mineral-raw superpower