Effective Foreign Aid, Economic Integration and Subsidiarity: Lessons from Europe

An importance source of finance for poorer economies, is foreign aid; this paper examines some controversies surrounding its provision. The advanced economies have provided hundreds of billions of dollars in aid to the developing world over the last several decades; although this has done much good in some cases, many of these countries have grown very little, especially during the last two decades of the twentieth century. In fact some have argued that this aid has actually hindered development by creating perverse incentives and hindering democratic governance. Thus it would appear that much of this money has been wasted, but whose fault has it been and what can be done to improve the situation in the coming decades? This paper analyze these aid issues and propose that the answer to these questions can be partially found by examining the European experience in proving assistance to its disadvantaged regions. Of particular importance in this regard has been the way aid has been used to promote economic integration and how it has been distributed using the subsidiary principle.Development aid, economic integration, Europe, subsidiarity, aid for trade

Effective Foreign Aid, Economic Integration and Subsidiarity: Lessons from Europe

The paper shows that the question that is relevant for the debate on the efficacy of development assistance is not so much as an issue of how much, but rather for what. In view of the growing awareness of ODA’s inefficiency in achieving intended aims, this paper proposes an alternative approach to development assistance policies – economic integration and subsidiarity provides the conditions necessary for ODA to produce higher rates of economic growth on a sustainable basis. Europe is an excellent case in point, in this context. Europe has in the last decades experienced a number of success stories in moving out of poverty and onto sustainable economic growth. The secret of success has been the push towards economic integration, and the adoption of economic reforms at the local, national, and regional level conducive to economic growth. The recipient countries of development assistance have much to learn from the European experience.foreign aid, economic integration, subsidiarity

Impacto del Natalizumab sobre la población linfocitaria B: un estudio retrospectivo

La esclerosis múltiple es una compleja enfermedad del Sistema Nervioso Central, caracterizada por una progresiva desmielinizacion del los axones del SNC y de la corteza espinal. La formación de esta enfermedad es debida a una combinación de diferentes factores: infecciosos, genéticos y ambientales, aunque la verdadera causa de la enfermedad sigue siendo objeto de estudio. En el 2007 la entrada en el mercado del Natalizumab, un anticuerpo monoclonal, ha enriquecido la lista de los tratamientos base utilizados hasta entonces presentes en el mercado. Aunque haya acertado su eficacidad clínica en aquellas personas afectadas por esclerosis múltiple progresiva remitente, se ha demostrado que la utilización prolongada de este medicamento puede tener un efecto no solo sobre la población linfocitaria en particular modo los linfocitos B inmaduros, pero también sea una de las causas de padecer leuco encefalopatía multiforme, provocando la muerte de los pacientes. El objetivo de ese estudio ha sido estudiar las modificaciones linfocitarias de una cohorte de pacientes bajo tratamiento de NAT durante 5 años y determinar una relación entre los cambios de las células inmunitarias B con los datos clínicos de los pacientes

Euro-Mediterranean Integration and Cooperation: Prospects and Challenges

An overview of current institutional cooperation, economic conditions and challenges in the Mediterranean region.Mediterranean, Europe, Economic conditions, institutional cooperation

L\u2019assicurazione della responsabilit\ue0 professionale: un punto di svolta

L\u2019introduzione in Italia di un regime di assicurazione obbligatoria per i professionisti offre l\u2019opportunit\ue0 di una riflessione sul sistema delle professioni, sulle sue carenze e sulla transizione in corso. Il saggio analizza il mercato del lavoro dei servizi professionali nel nostro Paese e cerca di cogliere gli aspetti qualificanti delle trasformazioni in corso attraverso il nesso essenziale tra professioni e assicurazioni. Dopo aver analizzato la crisi delle professioni, sotto la spinta delle tendenze contrapposte all\u2019estensione dei settori professionalizzati e alla perdita dei connotati di specificit\ue0 dei servizi corrispondenti, il saggio spiega come e perch\ue9 l\u2019assicurazione svolga un ruolo essenziale nei mercati professionali. L\u2019analisi dell\u2019incertezza e la gestione dei rischi consente di trovare equilibri pi\uf9 avanzati nel rapporto tra concorrenza e regolamentazione dei servizi professionali. Lo studio passa in rassegna le novit\ue0 del quadro normativo, la risposta ai fenomeni di malpractise, le prospettive e gli ostacoli che si frappongono allo sviluppo di un moderno mercato di servizi e di assicurazioni professionali, proponendo infine alcuni interventi di policy che potrebbero accelerare la modernizzazione

THE PRESENT PEST STATUS OF EUCALYPTUS SAP-SUCKERS AND GALL WASPS IN CAMPANIA (ITALY)

Sap-suckers and gall wasps may be a severe phytosanitary problem for several Eucalyptus species, particularly for the red gum E. camaldulensis, the most widely cultivated Australian native tree species worldwide. This paper reviewed the harmfulness of some of these invasive pests established in Campania, and provides new information about their pest status

The distribution, host plants and natural enemies of white peach scale, Pseudaulacaspis pentagona (Targioni-Tozzetti) (Hemiptera: Diaspididae), in Ankara province.

The distribution, host plants, and natural enemies of the white peach scale, Pseudaulacaspis pentagona (Targioni-Tozzetti) (Hemiptera: Diaspididae), were investigated in 25 districts of Ankara Province, Turkey, during 2013-2015. Thirteen districts were infested with harmful white peach scale; infestation was most common in parks, roadsides, private and institution gardens in centrum and old silkroad parts of Ankara. Twenty-two host plant species were found in these 13 districts, five of which (Aesculus carnea, Hibiscus sp., Paulownia tomentosa, Rhus thyphina and Salix babylonica) had not previously been recorded as host plants in Turkey. Some host plant species, including Catalpa bignonioides, Cornus alba, Fraxinus americana, F. excelsior, Forsythia intermedia, Morus alba, M. nigra and Sophora japonica, were found to be very highly infested. Five species of predators and three species of parasitoids were associated with white peach scale. Orius minutus L., Chrysoperla pallida (Henry et al.) are new record as predator of P. pentagona in World and Epitetracnemus comis Noyes &Ren Hui are first time record in Turkey

Symbiotic control of the olive fruit fly, Bactrocera oleae

The olive fruit fly Bactrocera oleae (Rossi) (OLF) is a major pest, which causes severe yield losses and quality decay of olive oil. The widespread use of chemical insecticides to control this pest is a major concern for the resulting environmental impact and food safety issues. Therefore, the development of sustainable control strategies is highly desirable. The primary endosymbiotic bacterium of the OLF, “Candidatus Erwinia dacicola”, is essential for successful larval development in unripe olive fruits. Then, targeting this endosymbiont with antimicrobial compounds may exert a control action against OLF. Here we evaluate the impact on OLF endosymbiont of Copper Oxychloride (CO) and the fungal metabolites Viridiol and Harzianic Acid (HA) produced by two biocontrol strains of Trichoderma spp. Laboratory bioassays were carried out on OLF wild populations to assess the effect of the oral administration of these compounds on mortality and fecundity of adult flies, and on larval development of their progeny in unripe olive fruits. Treated females were processed by qPCR to measure the endosymbiont load in the oesophageal bulb and in the midgut. Exposure to Viridiol and HA had a strong negative impact on endosymbiont load and OLF larval survival, while CO negatively affected both adults and larval stages, showing a combined toxic action and an anti-symbiotic effect, which was dose-dependent. These results provide new insights on the symbiotic control of the OLF and pave the way for developing new strategies based on the use of natural compounds with antimicrobial activity

The Aleurocanthus spiniferus (OSW) in Europe: a becoming invasive threat to citrus also.

The orange spiny whitefly (OSW), Aleurocanthus spiniferus, is a worldwide known citrus pest native to tropical Asia. Since the beginning of the 20th century, OSW spread throughout Asia, the Pacific, central and Southern Africa and from 2008 it was intercepted many times in EPPO area (Italy, Croatia and Montenegro). OSW polyphagy is well known, being able to infest more than 90 host plants belonging to unrelated botanical families, although Citrus spp. are considered the primary hosts. Accurate samplings highlighted OSW new host associations extending the range of plant families potentially exploitable and confirming the existence of host-shift phenomena. Analyses of the mitochondrial COI gene revealed that OSW Apulian population belongs solely to one of the two haplogroups present in China. Furthermore, the study of microbiota allowed us to identify the principal endosymbiotic bacteria in OSW. So far, field samplings confirmed the presence of predators belonging to Coccinellidae family able to prey on different evelopmental stages of A. spiniferus. These findings could be considered as an opportunity for biological control of OSW. Results laid solid foundations in the knowledge of European OSW populations now invading Italy and neighbouring countries to counteract a pan-Mediterranean invasion of this harmful whitefly. Further studies are essential for the assessment of an effective IPM strategy tailored either for organic or intensive agricultural context

Electroantennographic responses of Aromia bungii (Faldermann, 1835) (Coleoptera, Cerambycidae) to a range of volatile compounds

The red-necked longhorn beetle, Aromia bungii, is one of the most damaging pests of stone fruit trees. Native to the south-eastern Palearctic and Oriental regions, it invaded and is established to some extent in the Campania Region (Southern Italy). In several cerambycid species, volatile organic compounds (VOCs) have been shown to play a role in mate and host plant location. Increasing EAG amplitudes from the basal to the distal antennal segments were recorded in response to six selected plant volatiles. From the distal flagellomeres, the largest EAG responses (>0.8 mV) were elicited by 2-hexanol, octanal, sulcatone, guaiacol, sulcatol, 2,4-dimethyl-3-hexanol, 2,4-dimethyl-2-hexanone, heptanal, nonanal, (Z)-3-hexenol, and 1-heptanol in both sexes, and by linalool, (E)-2-heptenal, 1-octen-3-ol, (E)-2-octenal, 3-octanol, (E)-2-octen-1-ol, alfa-phellandrene, and alfa-terpinene in males. The olfactory system of both sexes proved to be sensitive to changes in stimulus concentration and compound structure. This study demonstrates the capability of A. bungii males and females to detect and discriminate among a wide range of VOCs and provides a basis for further olfactometer and field trapping experiments aimed at identifying behaviorally-active compounds useful for the implementation of semiochemical-based control strategies for this pest