The Costs of Teenage Out-of-Wedlock Childbearing: Analysis with a Within-School Propensity Score Matching Estimator

Teen out-of-wedlock mothers have lower education and earnings than peers who have children later. This study uses the National Educational Longitudinal Survey of 1988 (NELS) to examine the extent to which the apparent effects of out-of-wedlock teen fertility are not causal, but are due to pre-existing disadvantages of the young women and their families. We use a novel fixed-effect matching method to study this problem. We find that mothers-to-be were substantially disadvantaged before their teen out-of-wedlock fertility. At the same time, we cannot rule out that out-of-wedlock fertility reduces education substantially, although far less than the cross-sectional comparisons of means suggest.

Estimation of the Distribution of Random Parameters in Discrete Time Abstract Parabolic Systems with Unbounded Input and Output: Approximation and Convergence

A finite dimensional abstract approximation and convergence theory is developed for estimation of the distribution of random parameters in infinite dimensional discrete time linear systems with dynamics described by regularly dissipative operators and involving, in general, unbounded input and output operators. By taking expectations, the system is re-cast as an equivalent abstract parabolic system in a Gelfand triple of Bochner spaces wherein the random parameters become new space-like variables. Estimating their distribution is now analogous to estimating a spatially varying coefficient in a standard deterministic parabolic system. The estimation problems are approximated by a sequence of finite dimensional problems. Convergence is established using a state space-varying version of the Trotter-Kato semigroup approximation theorem. Numerical results for a number of examples involving the estimation of exponential families of densities for random parameters in a diffusion equation with boundary input and output are presented and discussed

The importance of activity-based costing method (ABC) In Romania's business environment changes

The purpose of this paper is to present the importance of Activity-Based Costing method (ABC) in Romania's business environment changes. We analyzed the possibilities to adapt to a modern management accounting method and managerial accounting organization assumptions of the ABC (Activity-Based Costing) method in Romanian enterprises. The article ends with the authors' conclusions about the changes of the ABC method in the Romanian’s business environment.Activity-Based Costing; management accounting; entity; implementation; business environment

Evaluation of Parametric Limitations in Simulating Greenhouse Gas Fluxes from Irish Arable Soils Using Three Process-Based Models

The senior author gratefully acknowledges the funding by the Science, Technology, Research and Innovation for the Environment (STRIVE) Programme of the Irish Government under the National Development Plan 2007-2013 and the Department of the Environment, Heritage and Local Government. The authors would like to thanks Phillip O’Brien (EPA) for extending technical and relevant support; Mike Williams, Mike Jones and Matt Saunders (TCD), Komsan Rueangritsarakul and Mohamed Helmy (UCD) for supplying experimental data for modelling work; as well as Tom Bolger and Tommy Gallagher (UCD) for providing administrative support.Peer reviewe

Japanese Beef Policy and GATT Negotiations: An Analysis of Reducing Assistance to Beef Producers

International Development, Livestock Production/Industries,

Structure of cytochrome a3-Cua3 couple in cytochrome c oxidase as revealed by nitric oxide binding studies

The addition of NO to oxidized cytochrome c oxidase (ferrocytochrome c:oxygen oxidoreductase, EC 1.9.3.1) causes the appearance of a high-spin heme electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) signal due to cytochrome a3. This suggests that NO coordinates to Cu{a3}+2 and breaks the antiferromagnetic couple by forming a cytochrome a3+3-Cu{a3}+2-NO complex. The intensity of the high-spin cytochrome a3 signal depends on the method of preparation of the enzyme and maximally accounts for 58% of one heme. The effect of N3- on the cytochrome a3+3-Cu{a3}+2-NO complex is to reduce cytochrome a3 to the ferrous state, and this is followed by formation of a new complex that exhibits EPR signals characteristic of a triplet species. On the basis of optical and EPR results, a NO bridge between cytochrome a3+2 and Cu{a3}+2 is proposed-i.e., cytochrome a3+2-NO-Cu{a3}+2. The half-field transition observed at g = 4.34 in the EPR spectrum of this triplet species exhibits resolved copper hyperfine splittings with |A{}| = 0.020 cm-1, indicating that the Cu{a3}+2 in the cytochrome a3+2-NO-Cu{a3}+2 complex is similar to a type 2 copper site

When are layoffs acceptable? Evidence from a quasi-experiment

Many authors have discussed a decline in internal labor markets and an apparent shift to a new employment contract, characterized by less commitment between employer and employee and more portable skills. These discussions occur without much evidence on what employment contract employees currently feel is fair. We perfomed quasi-experimental surveys to study when employees in the U.S. and Canada feel that layoffs are fair. Layoffs were perceived as more fair if they were due to lower product demand than if the result of employee suggestions. This result appears to be solely due to norms of reciprocity (companies should not punish employees for their efforts), rather than norms of sharing rents, as new technology was also considered a justification for layoffs. Consistent with theories of distributive and procedural equity, layoffs were perceived as more fair if the CEO voluntarily shared the pain. CEO bonuses due to layoffs lowered their reported fairness only slightly. Respondents in Silicon Valley were not more accepting of layoffs than were those in Canada on average, although the justifications considered valid differed slightly.New employment contract, fairness, justifications, layoffs, survey, Leex

Microscopy of glazed layers formed during high temperature sliding wear at 750C

The evolution of microstructures in the glazed layer formed during high temperature sliding wear of Nimonic 80A against Stellite 6 at 750 ◦C using a speed of 0.314ms−1 under a load of 7N has been investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive analysis by X-ray (EDX), X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, scanning tunnelling microscopy (STM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The results indicate the formation of a wear resistant nano-structured glazed layer. The mechanisms responsible for the formation of the nano-polycrystalline glazed layer are discussed