The NAIRU and the Extent of the Low-Pay Sector

The creation of jobs in the low-pay sector is considered to be an approach to reduce unemployment, especially with respect to low-skilled workers. By now, the expansion of the German low-wage sector over the last 15 years is empirically confirmed, which indicates a successful implementation of corresponding recommendations from policy advisers. In order to evaluate the effects of an increasing low-wage sector on unemployment, the concept of the non-accelerating inflation rate of unemployment (NAIRU) is used. In a first step, the unobservable, exogenous NAIRU is estimated for Germany in a state space setting. In a second step, data from the German Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP) is used to calculate a time series of the extent of the low-pay sector. Finally, by treating the NAIRU as the dependent variable, the impact of the low-wage share is estimated within an error correction framework. According to the proponents of the low-pay expansion, there should be a negative relationship between the NAIRU and the share of the low-wage sector. This hypothesis is rejected empirically. Indeed, for the time after the German reunification, cointegration is found between both variables suggesting a slightly positive relationship.NAIRU, low-wage, Kalman filter, error correction, cointegration

The NAIRU and the Extent of the Low-Pay Sector

The creation of jobs in the low-pay sector is considered to be an approach to reduce unemployment, especially with respect to low-skilled workers. By now, the expansion of the German low-wage sector over the last 15 years is empirically confirmed, which indicates a successful implementation of corresponding recommendations from policy advisers. In order to evaluate the effects of an increasing low-wage sector on unemployment, the concept of the non-accelerating inflation rate of unemployment (NAIRU) is used. In a first step, the unobservable, exogenous NAIRU is estimated for Germany in a state space setting. In a second step, data from the German Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP) is used to calculate a time series of the extent of the low-pay sector. Finally, by treating the NAIRU as the dependent variable, the impact of the low-wage share is estimated within an error correction framework. According to the proponents of the low-pay expansion, there should be a negative relationship between the NAIRU and the share of the low-wage sector. This hypothesis is rejected empirically. Indeed, for the time after the German reunification, cointegration is found between both variables suggesting a slightly positive relationship

Fatigue crack closure and closure development in a high strength aluminium alloy

A dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Engineering, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Engineering. Johannesburg 1988Fatigue crack closure characteristics were studied in a 70i7 aluminium alloy in the as received (AR) and heat treated (HT) conditions with the view of establishing the general closure trends and how well the modified closure parameter AKeff (- K^ax ' K0_) was capable of characterising fatigue crack growth. The results of this work indicated that a significant amount of strain intensification occurred below K0p which implied that AKe££ generally underestimated the stress intensity range experienced at the crack tip during cyclic loading. The major objective of this dissertation was to determin' whether a relationship exists between the distance over which closure develops from zero to a steady state jlcsure value, and the distance over which short crack growth behaviour occurs. Two techniques were used to eliminate closure for a fatigue crack in a compact temion specimen. Closure development was then measured as a function crack length and a steady state closure value was approached tier about 0.19 mm in the AR material and 0.?8 mm in the HT material irrespective of AK. This distance compared well with that distance over which short cracks exhibited "anomalous" behaviour. This implies that anomalous short ctack behaviour is dependent on the distance over which closure develops in this alloy, although microstructural influences may play a rola

Does an expanding low-pay sector decrease structural unemployment? Evidence from Germany

Low-pay work has been increasing in prevalence in many industrial countries. Following standard wage/price-setting theory, this increase should reduce structural unemployment, because labour market flexibility increases and labour costs decrease. However, a Keynesian perspective challenges this claim, if the associated increase in investment demand does not sufficiently compensate for the negative effects on consumption. This research empirically investigates the theoretically uncertain impact of the relationship between the extensiveness of the low-pay sector and structural unemployment. Data from Germany, where the expansion of the low-pay sector has been declared the goal of the labour market policy, during the period from 1991 to 2008, indicate a positive impact of the growing low-wage sector on structural unemployment. Moreover, some indications suggest an opposite direction of causality, such that changes in the level of structural unemployment affect the share of low-wage earners. This effect is asymmetrical with respect to positive and negative changes, which seems to reflect downward wage rigidity, as caused by labour market institutions.NAIRU, low-wage, asymmetric error correction, cointegration, VECM.

Queens Museum of Art engages an immigrant neighborhood

Thesis (M.C.P.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Urban Studies and Planning, 2013.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.Includes bibliographical references (p. 57-61).In neighborhoods facing demographic shifts, like changes in ethnicity, class and language, resident participation in state-sponsored planning processes can be difficult due to unfamiliarity, mistrust or cultural misalignment between residents and existing planning agents. This is particularly true in neighborhoods with large populations of new immigrants, where residents do not only face language barriers, long working hours and a general unfamiliarity with local planning processes, but are also prone to face cultures of discrimination or self-induce exclusion for fear of legal action to shaky residency status. In this thesis I ask how can a cultural institution include new immigrants in participatory artist-led, neighborhood-based processes that ultimately connect to state-sponsored planning efforts? Specifically, how can a museum tie together independent participatory artist-led projects in a meaningful and impactful manner? Through a primarily case study of the Queens Museum of Art (QMA) located in New York City, I illustrate how with the specific goals of incorporating the voices of new immigrants in the New York City Department of Transportation (DOT) renovation project in Corona Plaza, the museum was able to facilitate a collaborative participatory process that engaged multiple actors in an open and dynamic manner. I situate the case within the literatures of participation, from planning and art, in order to present various perspectives on the meaning, value and limitations of participation. Drawing from the literature, 1 highlight how without a clear declaration of long-term goals, QMA may face difficulty maintaining the commitment and participation of residents and may face questions of legitimacy in their community-based work in Corona. Following a general discussion of the advantages and disadvantages of a civil society institution involving itself in the political realm, I conclude that with a clear set of goals and with an acknowledgement of their own capacity limitations, museums can facilitate collaborative and dynamic participatory processes that overcome limitations of formulaic government-led processes and promote the planning of inclusive and equitable neighborhoods.by Jessica Beth Garz.M.C.P

Does an expanding low-pay sector decrease structural unemployment? Evidence from Germany

Low-pay work has been increasing in prevalence in many industrial countries. Following standard wage/price-setting theory, this increase should reduce structural unemployment, because labour market flexibility increases and labour costs decrease. However, a Keynesian perspective challenges this claim, if the associated increase in investment demand does not sufficiently compensate for the negative effects on consumption. This research empirically investigates the theoretically uncertain impact of the relationship between the extensiveness of the low-pay sector and structural unemployment. Data from Germany, where the expansion of the low-pay sector has been declared the goal of the labour market policy, during the period from 1991 to 2008, indicate a positive impact of the growing low-wage sector on structural unemployment. Moreover, some indications suggest an opposite direction of causality, such that changes in the level of structural unemployment affect the share of low-wage earners. This effect is asymmetrical with respect to positive and negative changes, which seems to reflect downward wage rigidity, as caused by labour market institutions

Strategic behavior in Schelling dynamics: A new result and experimental evidence

In this paper we experimentally test Schelling’s (1971) segregation model and confirm the striking result of segregation. In addition, we extend Schelling’s model theoretically by adding strategic behavior and moving costs. We obtain a unique subgame perfect equilibrium in which rational agents facing moving costs may find it optimal not to move (anticipating other participants’ movements). This equilibrium is far for full segregation. We run experiments for this extended Schelling model. We find that the percentage of strategic players dramatically increases with the cost of moving and that the degree of segregation depends on the distribution of rational subjects.Subgame perfect equilibrium, segregation, experimental games

Transport coefficients for inelastic Maxwell mixtures

The Boltzmann equation for inelastic Maxwell models is used to determine the Navier-Stokes transport coefficients of a granular binary mixture in $d$ dimensions. The Chapman-Enskog method is applied to solve the Boltzmann equation for states near the (local) homogeneous cooling state. The mass, heat, and momentum fluxes are obtained to first order in the spatial gradients of the hydrodynamic fields, and the corresponding transport coefficients are identified. There are seven relevant transport coefficients: the mutual diffusion, the pressure diffusion, the thermal diffusion, the shear viscosity, the Dufour coefficient, the pressure energy coefficient, and the thermal conductivity. All these coefficients are {\em exactly} obtained in terms of the coefficients of restitution and the ratios of mass, concentration, and particle sizes. The results are compared with known transport coefficients of inelastic hard spheres obtained analytically in the leading Sonine approximation and by means of Monte Carlo simulations. The comparison shows a reasonably good agreement between both interaction models for not too strong dissipation, especially in the case of the transport coefficients associated with the mass flux.Comment: 9 figures, to be published in J. Stat. Phy

Factores que afectan las representaciones sociales ambientales en estudiantes sordos

99 p. Recurso Electr?nicoFactores que afectan las representaciones sociales ambientales en estudiantes sordos: Para dar inicio al proyecto se escoge el colegio departamental Ricaurte, espec?ficamente el grado 7, que consta de 40 estudiantes aproximadamente de los cuales hay un peque?o grupo de inclusi?n de 7 ni?os, estos presentan como caracter?stica general el ser sordos. Gracias a la observaci?n se pudo apreciar las falencias que tiene los estudiantes sordos del grado 7, para identificar y definir algunos conceptos o representaciones sociales del medio ambiente. Se evidencia la poca adquisici?n de conceptos sobre el medio ambiente su cuidado y conservaci?n, por este motivo se considera importante la introducci?n de dichos contenidos ya que el ser sordos no es limitante para hacerse participe en una comunidad preocupada por un bienestar general, es de resaltar que como alumnos no tienen claros muchos conceptos por tal raz?n desconocen su importancia y la cercan?a que tienen con los mismos. Por tal raz?n se decide crear un proyecto donde se aclaren dichos conceptos y de una u otra forma se impliquen nuevas estrategias de ense?anza aprendizaje por parte del docente para que los estudiantes sordos adquieran un aprendizaje significativo por medio de la interacci?n de las TIC. Palabras Claves: Educaci?n De Inclusi?n, Sordos, Representaciones Sociales Ambientales, Ense?anza-AprendizajeFactors that affect the environmental social representations in deaf students: To start the project, the Ricaurte departmental school is chosen, specifically grade 7, which consists of 40 students, of which there is a small inclusion group of 7 children. General characteristic of being deaf. Thanks to the observation it was possible to appreciate the flaws that deaf students of grade 7 have, to identify and define some concepts or social representations of the environment. The little acquisition of concepts about the environment care and conservation is evident, for this reason it is considered important the introduction of such content since being deaf is not limiting to participate in a community concerned about a general welfare, it is to highlight that as students are not clear many concepts for such reason are unaware of their importance and the closeness they have with them. For this reason it is decided to create a project where these concepts are clarified and in one way or another new teaching-learning strategies are implied by the teacher so that deaf students acquire meaningful learning through the interaction of ICT. Keywords: Inclusive Education, Deafness, Environmental Social Representations, Teaching-Learnin

?rase una vez? El cuento infantil una estrategia did?ctica para el fortalecimiento de la comprensi?n lectora en los estudiantes de grado tercero

110 p. Recurso Electr?nicoEsta investigaci?n tiene como prop?sito implementar el cuento infantil como una estrategia did?ctica para el fortalecimiento de la comprensi?n lectora; est? dirigido a los estudiantes del grado tercero de la Instituci?n Educativa T?cnica Nuestra Se?ora de Lourdes del L?bano, Tolima. El cuento infantil, es utilizado en esta investigaci?n, como un instrumento did?ctico de motivaci?n para desarrollar actividades que permiten la potenciaci?n de las destrezas y habilidades, tanto sociales, como cognitivas y acad?micas; propiciando as? un acercamiento entre los educandos y los textos de car?cter narrativo, para que cuando ellos acudan a la lectura sea por gusto, deleite est?tico y se facilite as? su comprensi?n lectora. Esta propuesta de investigaci?n se caracteriza por tener un acercamiento de los resultados desde un enfoque cualitativo, enmarcada as? dentro de la metodolog?a de la Investigaci?n Acci?n Educativa con un nivel de alcance descriptivo. Para obtener la informaci?n se utilizaron diferentes t?cnicas como la observaci?n directa participante y la prueba diagn?stica, igualmente como instrumentos de valoraci?n se emplearon talleres, portafolios y diarios de campo. Para el alcance de los objetivos planteados se tuvo en cuenta cuatro fases propias de la investigaci?n acci?n educativa, propuestas por John Eliot. As?, fase uno: proceso diagn?stico, fase dos: elaboraci?n de la propuesta did?ctica, fase tres: Implementaci?n de la propuesta y finalmente, la fase cuatro: Valoraci?n final, an?lisis e interpretaci?n de resultados. Palabras claves: Cuentos Infantiles, Comprensi?n Lectora, Estrategia Did?ctica.The purpose of this research is to implement the children's story as a didactic strategy to strengthen reading comprehension; It is aimed at students in the third grade of the Technical Educational Institution of Our Lady of Lourdes del L?bano, Tolima. The children's story is used in this research as a didactic instrument of motivation to develop activities that allow the enhancement of social, cognitive and academic skills and abilities; thus promoting an approach between students and texts of a narrative nature, so that when they go to the reading is for pleasure, aesthetic delight and thus facilitate their reading comprehension. This research proposal is characterized by having an approach of the results from a qualitative approach, framed within the methodology of Educational Action Research with a level of descriptive scope. To obtain the information, different techniques were used, such as direct participant observation and the diagnostic test; workshops, portfolios and field diaries were also used as assessment tools. In order to reach the objectives, set, four phases of the educational action research, proposed by John Eliot, were taken into account. Thus, phase one: diagnostic process, phase two: preparation of the didactic proposal, phase three: Implementation of the proposal and finally, phase four: Final assessment, analysis and interpretation of results. Keywords: Children's Stories, Reading Comprehension, Teaching Strategy