Crowd Control: Regulating the Spatial Organization of Biopolymers and Gene Expression by Macromolecular Crowding

The intracellular environment is crowded with macromolecules that can occupy a significant fraction of the cellular volume. This can give rise to attractive depletion interactions that impact the conformations and interactions of biopolymers, as well as their interactions with confining surfaces. We used computer simulations to study the effects of crowding on biologically-inspired models of polymers. We showed that crowding can lead to attractive interactions between two flexible ring polymers, and we further characterized the adsorption of both flexible and semiflexible polymers onto confining surfaces. These results indicate that crowding-induced depletion interactions could play a role in the spatial organization of biopolymers in cells, and they also suggest that macromolecular crowding could be used to alter the spatial organization of cell-free synthetic systems. A major limitation of cell-free expression systems, which are widely used to study gene expression, is the lack of means to achieve spatial control of gene expression components. With a coarse-grained model of DNA plasmids and crowders, we showed that plasmids were uniformly distributed at low levels of crowding but, due to depletion interactions, became strongly adsorbed to confining surfaces at high levels of crowding. These results were experimentally validated by our collaborators using DNA and crowders in cell-sized vesicles. We used kinetic Monte Carlo simulations to study the effect of crowding and confinement on gene expression dynamics and noise, giving insight into experiments. Our work provides insights into the role of crowding and confinement on the spatial organization and dynamics of gene expression in cellular and cell-free systems

A Compact UWB BPF with a Notch Band using Rectangular Resonator Sandwiched between Interdigital Structure

This paper presents a compact design of an ultra wide band bandpass filters with a notch band using interdigital structure. The aim of the design is to reduce the size of filter, reduce the complexity of the design, and improve the performance of filter response. The proposed filter comprises of a rectangular resonator sandwiched between Interdigital structures, with rectangular slot as defected microstrip structure at the input and output ports. This design has been used for the first time to achieve the above aim. The advantage with this design is that, it does not use any via or defected ground structure. The insertion loss of proposed filter, in passband between 3.1 GHz to 10.8 GHz, is less than 0.7dB, and for the notched band it is 21.5 dB centred at 7.9 GHz. The proposed filter is fabricated, tested and compared with simulated results. The proposed design was small in size with less complexity, and shows performance better than the other designs available in the literatures at this dimension

Performance Analysis of EDFA Gain using FBG for WDM Transmission

The paper demonstrates a gain-flattening performance characteristics of Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifier (EDFA) for C-band application ranges from 1525 nm to 1565 nm. This technique was modeled with eight channel transmissions associated with Wavelength Division Multiplexing that comprises of gain uniformity. Signal amplification process at the input was accomplished of Erbium doped fiber with Non-Uniform Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) and Amplified Spontaneous Emission (ASE). These results showed that the stimulated emission was associated with the least flat amplification and inversely proportional relationship between output signal power and the space separating the gratings in Fiber Bragg Grating. The performance analysis also resembled the dependency of gain on the Doping Concentration, Input Powers, Length of Fibers, Doping Profile of the Erbium Doped Fiber and Windows Wavelength of input signal, which in turn increases the input and output signal power. However, after a reduction in the resultant gain, low noise power of about -60 dBm existed. Lastly, a comparison of different methods for gain flattening was conducted and the results showed high gain modeled with EDFA using FBG. The simulator Optisystem 14.0 was also used to investigate the characteristics of the C-band EDFA using FBG

A Study On Green Building Design As A Key Contribution Toward Sustainable Development

The building sector has a noteworthy impact on ecological deterioration, utilizing substantial quantities of power and materials while adding to the discharge of glasshouse gases. As a result of the urgent requirement for environmental preservation, eco-friendly construction planning has surfaced as a notable resolution. This investigative manuscript delves into the significance of eco-friendly architectural planning as a pivotal factor in environmentalism within the building sector. By examining the environmental advantages, existing methodologies, and obstacles, the investigation endeavors to illuminate the significance of eco-friendly architectural planning and its capacity to tackle ecological issues. The investigation utilizes a blended methodology, encompassing an all-encompassing examination of literature, instances of real-life scenarios, and gathering of information via questionnaires and discussions with key players in the industry. The discoveries unveil that verdant edifice blueprint methodologies, such as power frugality, interior milieu superiority, aqueous preservation, and eco-friendly location strategizing, are deemed as pivotal by the bulk of constructors. Nonetheless, constructors encounter obstacles and difficulties in embracing these methodologies, such as expertise deficiencies, constraints in obtaining resources and supplies, intricate eco-friendly accreditation procedures, an absence of anticipated profits, and restricted enthusiasm from interested parties. The pondered average assessment corroborates these discoveries, accentuating the obstacles encountered by constructors in executing eco-friendly architectural blueprints. The study highlights the necessity for focused measures, like improved instruction schemes, streamlined validation procedures, and heightened consciousness, to surmount these hindrances and encourage the extensive acceptance of eco-friendly construction techniques in the building sector

Management of Treatment and Prevention of Acute OP Pesticide Poisoning by Medical Informatics, Telemedicine and Nanomedicine

Acute organophosphorous pesticide (OP) poisoning kills a lot of people each year. Treatment of acute OP poisoning is of very difficult task and is a time taking event. Present day informatics methods (telemedicine), bioinformatics methods (data mining, molecular modeling, docking, cheminformatics), and nanotechnology (nanomedicine) should be applied in combination or separately to combat the rise of death rate due to OP poisoning. Use of informatics method such as Java enabled camera mobiles will enable us early detection of insecticidal poisoning. Even the patients who are severely intoxicated (suicidal attempts) can be diagnosed early. Telemedicine can take care for early diagnosis and early treatment. Simultaneously efforts must be taken with regard to nanotechnology to find lesser toxic compounds (use less dose of nanoparticle mediated compounds: nano-malathion) as insecticides and find better efficacy of lesser dose of compounds for treatment (nano-atropine) of OP poisoning. Nano-apitropine (atropine oxide) may be a better choice for OP poisoning treatment as the anticholinergic agent; apitropine and hyoscyamine have exhibited higher binding affinity than atropine sulfate. Synthesis of insecticides (malathion) with an antidote (atropine, apitropine) in nanoscale range will prevent the lethal effect of insecticides

Design of Single Narrow Band Bandpass Filter using Cascaded Open Loop Triangular Ring Resonators Embedded with Rectangular Ring

This paper presents a compact single narrow band bandpass filter using two cascaded open loop triangular ring resonator embedded with rectangular ring for various application at 11.8 GHz in microwave communication systems. Coupled resonator theory was used for coupling parasitic resonance of multiple degenerate modes operating close to the fundamental mode in the proposed structure of filter. The frequency response has low insertion loss and good rejection performance of the proposed filter. The filter was easy to fabricate since there was no use of via or defected ground structure. Cascading and the embedded rectangular ring were used to improve the stop band performances by creating several attenuation poles. A wide stop band was obtained at both the sides of passband. The proposed filter was designed and simulated in Agilent Advance Design System. The simulated result and the measured results were in good agreement

Suprasellar epidermoid cyst: a rare cause of painless progressive bilateral vision loss-case report with clinico-radiological correlation

Intracranial epidermoid cysts are relatively rare lesions. They result from inclusion of ectodermal elements during time of neural tube closure. This lesion could rarely be acquired due to post-surgical or post traumatic implantation of the ectodermal components. They typically present in middle age group patients with evidence of loco-regional mass effect on adjacent structures. We present a clinico-radiological case report of the 27-year-old female patient who presented with painless progressive bilateral vision loss for last 4 months

Implementation and Applications of Various Feeding Techniques Using CST Microwave StudioÂ

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A novel Plasmodium falciparum rhoptry associated adhesin mediates erythrocyte invasion through the sialic-acid dependent pathway

Erythrocyte invasion by Plasmodium falciparum merozoites is central to blood-stage infection and malaria pathogenesis. This intricate process is coordinated by multiple parasite adhesins that bind erythrocyte receptors and mediate invasion through several alternate pathways. P. falciparum expresses 2700 genes during the blood-stages, of which the identity and function of many remains unknown. Here, we have identified and characterized a novel P. falciparum rhoptry associated adhesin (PfRA) that mediates erythrocyte invasion through the sialic-acid dependent pathway. PfRA appears to play a significant functional role as it is conserved across different Plasmodium species. It is localized in the rhoptries and further translocated to the merozoite surface. Both native and recombinant PfRA specifically bound erythrocytes in a sialic-acid dependent, chymotrypsin and trypsin resistant manner, which was abrogated by PfRA antibodies confirming a role in erythrocyte invasion. PfRA antibodies inhibited erythrocyte invasion and in combination with antibodies against other parasite ligands produced an additive inhibitory effect, thus validating its important role in erythrocyte invasion. We have thus identified a novel P. falciparum adhesin that binds with a sialic acid containing erythrocyte receptor. Our observations substantiate the strategy to block P. falciparum erythrocyte invasion by simultaneously targeting multiple conserved merozoite antigens involved in alternate invasion pathways

Individualised treatment effects estimation with composite treatments and composite outcomes

Estimating individualised treatment effect (ITE) – that is the causal effect of a set of variables (also called exposures, treatments, actions, policies, or interventions), referred to as composite treatments, on a set of outcome variables of interest, referred to as composite outcomes, for a unit from observational data – remains a fundamental problem in causal inference with applications across disciplines, such as healthcare, economics, education, social science, marketing, and computer science. Previous work in causal machine learning for ITE estimation is limited to simple settings, like single treatments and single outcomes. This hinders their use in complex real-world scenarios; for example, consider studying the effect of different ICU interventions, such as beta-blockers and statins for a patient admitted for heart surgery, on different outcomes of interest such as atrial fibrillation and in-hospital mortality. The limited research into composite treatments and outcomes is primarily due to data scarcity for all treatments and outcomes. To address the above challenges, we propose a novel and innovative hypernetwork-based approach, called HLearner, to solve ITE estimation under composite treatments and composite outcomes, which tackles the data scarcity issue by dynamically sharing information across treatments and outcomes. Our empirical analysis with binary and arbitrary composite treatments and outcomes demonstrates the effectiveness of the proposed approach compared to existing methods. To address the above challenges, we propose a novel and innovative hypernetwork-based approach, called H-Learner, to solve ITE estimation under composite treatments and composite outcomes, which tackles the data scarcity issue by dynamically sharing information across treatments and outcomes. Our empirical analysis with binary and arbitrary composite treatments and outcomes demonstrates the effectiveness of the proposed approach compared to existing methods