A Comparison of V̇O2, and Muscle and Prefrontal Cortex Tissue Oxygen Extraction Between Short and Long-term Aerobically Trained Men Aged 40 - 60 Years

International Journal of Exercise Science 13(3): 964-978, 2020. This study was designed to compare systemic O2 utilization (V̇O2), and changes in tissue O2 extraction [deoxyhemoglobin (ΔHHb)] in the vastus lateralis (VL), gastrocnemius (GAST) and pre-frontal cortex (PFC) tissue; between aerobically short-term trained (STT) and long-term trained (LTT) older men (40 - 60 yr) who were matched for current training load. On separate occasions, 14 STT and 14 LTT participants completed ramp incremental (RI) and square-wave constant load (SWCL) tests on a cycle ergometer. In LTT compared to STT; (i) V̇O2 was higher during the RI (p \u3e 0.001) and SWCL (p \u3e 0.001) tests, (ii) ΔHHb in the GAST was greater in SWCL (p = 0.011); and (iii) ΔHHb in the PFC was greater at 90% GET during SWCL (p = 0.011). The additional years of training in LTT compared to STT (LTT 17.50yr ± 6.94yr vs STT 1.68yr ± 0.31yr) were associated with higher V̇O2peak, and sub- GET V̇O2,and ΔHHb in the GAST and PFC at sub- GET exercise, despite there being no difference in current training volume

The effect of short and long term endurance training on systemic, and muscle and prefrontal cortex tissue oxygen utilisation in 40 – 60 year old women

Purpose: Aerobic endurance training (ET) increases systemic and peripheral oxygen utilisation, and the time course of these adaptations is not linear. However, the timing and mechanisms of increases, or plateau, in oxygen utilisation, as a function of increased training years beyond one year are not known. This study tested the hypothesis that in women aged 40 - 60 years performing the same current training load; systemic O2 utilisation (VO2) and tissue oxygenation (HHb) at the Vastus Lateralis (VL) and Gastrocnemius (GAST) would be higher in long term trained (LTT; > 5 yr) compared to a short term trained (STT; 6 - 24 months) participants during ramp incremental (RI) cycling exercise, but similar during square-wave constant load (SWCL) cycling exercise performed at the same relative exercise intensity (below ventilatory turn point [VTP]); and secondly that pre-frontal cortex (PFC) HHb would be similar between groups during both conditions. Methods: Thirteen STT and 13 LTT ET participants performed RI and SWCL conditions on separate days. Simultaneous measures of VO2, and VL, GAST, and PFC HHb were conducted. Results: VO2peak was 19% higher in LTT compared to STT, and VO2 was higher in LTT at each of the relative intensities of 25%, 80% and 90% of VTP during the SWCL condition. HHb at the VL was significantly higher in LTT compared to STT at peak exercise (4.54 vs 1.55 μMol/l), and at 25% (0.99 vs 0.04 μMol/l), 80% (3.19 vs 1.14 μMol/l) and 90% (4.62 vs 2.07 μMol/l) of VTP during SWCL. Conclusions: The additional (12.9 ± 9.3) years of ET in the LTT, resulted in higher VO2, and HHB at the VL at peak exercise, and sub- VTP exercise. This indicates that in women 40 - 60 years, systemic and muscle O2 utilisation continues to improve with prolonged regular ET beyond two years. <br

The difference in V̇O2, and muscle and prefrontal cortex tissue oxygen extraction between short and long-term aerobically trained men aged 40 - 60 years

This data set contains individual participant data, for each dependent variable for the oxygenation study on 40-60 year-old men

The Effect of Short and Long Term Endurance Training on Systemic, and Muscle and Prefrontal Cortex Tissue Oxygen Utilisation in 40 - 60 Year Old Women.

Aerobic endurance training (ET) increases systemic and peripheral oxygen utilisation over time, the adaptation pattern not being linear. However, the timing and mechanisms of changes in oxygen utilisation, associated with training beyond one year are not known. This study tested the hypothesis that in women aged 40-60 years performing the same current training load; systemic O2 utilisation (VO2) and tissue deoxyhaemoglobin (HHb) in the Vastus Lateralis (VL) and Gastrocnemius (GAST) would be higher in long term trained (LTT; > 5 yr) compared to a short term trained (STT; 6-24 months) participants during ramp incremental (RI) cycling, but similar during square-wave constant load (SWCL) cycling performed at the same relative intensity (below ventilatory turn point [VTP]); and that pre-frontal cortex (PFC) HHb would be similar between participant groups in both exercise conditions.Thirteen STT and 13 LTT participants performed RI and SWCL conditions on separate days. VO2, and VL, GAST, and PFC HHb were measured simultaneously.VO2peak was higher in LTT compared to STT, and VO2 was higher in LTT at each relative intensities of 25%, 80% and 90% of VTP in SWCL. HHb in the VL was significantly higher in LTT compared to STT at peak exercise (4.54 ± 3.82 vs 1.55 ± 2.33 μM), and at 25% (0.99 ± 1.43 vs 0.04 ± 0.96 μM), 80% (3.19 ± 2.93 vs 1.14 ± 1.82 μM) and 90% (4.62 ± 3.12 vs 2.07 ± 2.49 μM) of VTP in SWCL.The additional (12.9 ± 9.3) years of ET in LTT, resulted in higher VO2, and HHb in the VL at peak exercise, and sub-VTP exercise. These results indicate that in women 40-60 years old, systemic and muscle O2 utilisation continues to improve with ET beyond two years

Square–Wave Constant Load (cycling); systemic oxygen utilisation, ventilatory, heart rate and rate of perceived exertion measures.

<p>Square–Wave Constant Load (cycling); systemic oxygen utilisation, ventilatory, heart rate and rate of perceived exertion measures.</p

The effects of repeated snatch lifts on lumbar spine mechanics in high-intensity functional trained athletes

This study aimed to determine if lumbar spine joint mechanics altered during a power snatch protocol. Eighteen high-intensity functional training (HIFT) athletes performed two countermovement jumps (CMJ) before and after a 30-repetition power snatch protocol at 70% of one repetition maximum. Three-dimensional kinematics and kinetics were collected simultaneously during the power snatch protocol. Average data from five events of the second and third, and twenty-ninth and thirtieth power snatches were compared. At the end of the power snatch protocol, there was a significant decrease in CMJ height (5.4 cm). The power snatch protocol showed a significant decrease in T12-L1 intervertebral joint extension angle (5.3°, p = 0.04; g = 0.65) at the recovery event. Velocity significantly (p = 0.03–0.05), moderately (g = 0.52–0.75) increased for the T12-L1 left rotation (23 °.s −1 ) and L5-S1 right rotation (23.9 °.s −1 ) at the end of the second pull event, whereas L5-S1 right lateral flexion velocity (17.8 °.s −1 ) decreased at the catch event. Finally, the L5-S1 flexor moment (−4.06 Nm) significantly changed to an extensor moment (0.46 Nm) at the transition event ( p  = 0.018, g = 0.75). These findings suggest that substantial neuromuscular impairment induced by high-intensity repeated power snatches does not necessarily result in a decline of lumbar spine lifting mechanics, rather athletes may elicit a protective ‘stiffening’ of the spinal region

Square-Wave Constant Load (cycling); deoxygenated haemoglobin (HHb) measures.

<p>Panel (A) HHb in the LVL. Panel (B) HHb in the GAST. Panel (C) HHb in the PFC during the SW/CL.</p

Ramp Incremental (cycling); systemic oxygen utilisation, ventilatory and heart rate measures.

<p>Ramp Incremental (cycling); systemic oxygen utilisation, ventilatory and heart rate measures.</p