13 research outputs found

    The evolutionary ecology of decorating behaviour

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    Many animals decorate themselves through the accumulation of environmental material on their exterior. Decoration has been studied across a range of different taxa, but there are substantial limits to current understanding. Decoration in non-humans appears to function predominantly in defence against predators and parasites, although an adaptive function is often assumed rather than comprehensively demonstrated. It seems predominantly an aquatic phenomenon-presumably because buoyancy helps reduce energetic costs associated with carrying the decorative material. In terrestrial examples, decorating is relatively common in the larval stages of insects. Insects are small and thus able to generate the power to carry a greater mass of material relative to their own body weight. In adult forms, the need to be lightweight for flight probably rules out decoration. We emphasize that both benefits and costs to decoration are rarely quantified, and that costs should include those associated with collecting as well as carrying the material.PostprintPeer reviewe

    Postura da mão e imagética motora: um estudo sobre reconhecimento de partes do corpo Hand posture and motor imagery: a body-part recognition study

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    OBJETIVOS: Assim como a imagética motora, o reconhecimento de partes do corpo aciona representações somatosensoriais específicas. Essas representações são ativadas implicitamente para comparar o corpo com o estímulo. No presente estudo, investigou-se a influência da informação proprioceptiva da postura no reconhecimento de partes do corpo (mãos) e propõe-se a utilização dessa tarefa na reabilitação de pacientes neurológicos. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Dez voluntários destros participaram do experimento. A tarefa era reconhecer a lateralidade de figuras da mão apresentada, em várias perspectivas e em vários ângulos de orientação. Para a figura da mão direita, o voluntário pressionava a tecla direita e para a figura da mão esquerda, a tecla esquerda. Os voluntários realizavam duas sessões: uma com as mãos na postura prona e outra com as mãos na postura supina. RESULTADOS: Os tempos de reação manual (TRM) eram maiores para as vistas e orientações, nas quais é difícil realizar o movimento real, mostrando que durante a tarefa, existe um acionamento de representações motoras para comparar o corpo com o estímulo. Além disso, existe uma influência da postura do sujeito em vistas e ângulos específicos. CONCLUSÕES: Estes resultados mostram que representações motoras são ativadas para comparar o corpo com o estímulo e que a postura da mão influencia esta ressonância entre estímulo e parte do corpo.<br>OBJECTIVE: Recognition of body parts activates specific somatosensory representations in a way that is similar to motor imagery. These representations are implicitly activated to compare the body with the stimulus. In the present study, we investigate the influence of proprioceptive information relating to body posture on the recognition of body parts (hands). It proposes that this task could be used for rehabilitation of neurological patients. METHODS: Ten right-handed volunteers participated in this experiment. The task was to recognize the handedness of drawings of a hand that were presented in different perspectives and several orientations. For drawings of a right hand, the volunteers pressed the right key, and for drawings of a left hand, they pressed the left key. The volunteers underwent two sessions: one with their hands in a prone posture and the other with their hands in a supine posture. RESULTS: The manual reaction time was longer for perspectives and orientations for which the real movement was difficult to achieve. This showed that, during the task, motor representations were activated to compare the body with the stimulus. Furthermore, the subject's posture had an influence in relation to specific perspectives and orientations. CONCLUSIONS: These results showed that motor representations are activated to compare the body with the stimulus, and that the position of the hand influences this resonance between the stimulus and the body part

    Análise diagnóstica do atendimento pré-hospitalar para acidentes e violências contra idosos em Curitiba (PR, Brasil) Situational analysis of the pre-hospital health services for attending accidents and violence against the elderly in Curitiba (PR, Brazil)

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    O estudo compõe uma análise situacional dos serviços de atenção a acidentes e violências, em Curitiba, focalizando as condições gerais de infraestrutura, planejamento e apoio no nível de atenção pré-hospitalar, considerando os serviços pré-hospitalares móveis e fixos, dirigidos ao atendimento do idoso vitimizado. Foram evidenciados pontos positivos, lacunas e necessidades de adequação para atender às diretrizes nacionais. A investigação integrou abordagens quantitativas e qualitativas e se pautou nos princípios da triangulação de métodos. Conclui-se que o tema dos acidentes e violência contra idosos comporta importantes melhorias nas ações desenvolvidas pelos serviços pesquisados: (1) ações preventivas não fazem parte da rotina dos serviços; (2) a maioria dos serviços não desenvolve atendimentos específicos, direcionados às demandas particulares dos idosos; (3) a experiência dos entrevistados revela dificuldades de obtenção de leitos hospitalares, para encaminhamento ou transferência de pacientes idosos. O enfrentamento das questões relativas aos acidentes e violências contra idosos em Curitiba impõe considerar a organização de dados, fluxos, capacitação dos profissionais e planejamento no desenvolvimento de programas de prevenção, assistência e reabilitação aos idosos vitimizados.<br>This study is a situational analysis of the health care services for attending accidents and violence, in Curitiba, focusing the general conditions of infrastructure, planning and support at the pre-hospital assistance level, considering mobile and fixed emergency services dedicated to the victimized elderly. Positive points were evidenced as well as gaps and needs to meet the national guidelines. The investigation integrated quantitative and qualitative approaches and it was carried out on the grounds of the triangulation of methods. It is concluded that on the theme of accidents and violence against the elderly still there is room for important improvements in the actions developed by the researched services: (1) preventive actions are not part of the routine of the services; (2) most of the services does not develop specific services, addressed to the peculiar demands of the elderly; (3) the interviewees' experience reveals difficulties for obtaining hospital beds, either for referral or transfer/admission of patients. Facing the issue of accidents and violence against the elderly in Curitiba requires considering the organization of data, flows, training of professionals and planning in the development of prevention programs, attendance and rehabilitation to the elderly

    O panorama das internações por condições sensíveis à atenção primária em um distrito de São Paulo

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    Os objetivos deste estudo foram identificar as principais Internações por Condições Sensíveis à Atenção Primária (ICSAP) do Hospital Geral de Pedreira (HGP) e as Unidades Básicas de Saúde que demandaram maior número destas internações. Uma pesquisa exploratória, descritiva e quantitativa foi realizada através de dados de 2008 obtidos no Sistema de Informações Hospitalares (SIH-SUS) e de 816 prontuários do HGP. Obtivemos no período 10.616 internações; dessas 1.689 (15,9%) foram por ICSAP. As principais causas das internações por condições sensíveis foram: pneumonias bacterianas (17,4%); infecções no rim e trato urinário (13,6%) e hipertensão arterial (11,1%). Da análise dos prontuários encontramos 122 ICSAP, sendo 73,7% na área de estudo (Pedreira, Cidade Ademar e Campo Grande). A Cidade Ademar gerou mais ICSAP, 38,5%, porém, é a que apresenta maior população e densidade demográfica. É necessário ampliar os estudos para conhecer os motivos que geraram as internações para redirecionar as ações de prevenção

    Mental rotation of primate hands: human-likeness and thumb saliency

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    Mental rotation of human hands has been found to differ essentially from mental rotation of objects in such a way that reaction times and error rates of handedness judgements are influenced by the comfort and familiarity of the presented hand postures. To investigate the role of the similarity of the presented hands to the participant's own hand, we used different primates' hands as stimuli in a mental rotation task. Five out of 24 primate hands were chosen for their ratings in human-likeness and saliency of the thumb according to a questionnaire study and presented in two mental rotation experiments; in the second experiment, they were modified in such a way that all hands appeared thumbless. Results of both experiments revealed effects of species and orientation on reaction times, and an interaction between species and hand side occurred in the second experiment. In the first experiment, the thumbless Colobus hand differed from all other hands, showing the highest reaction times and error rates and failing to show the expected medial-over-lateral advantage. In the second experiment, the eccentricity of the Colobus hand was decreased and the facilitating effect of human-likeness was slightly increased. We conclude that motor strategies were applied that relied less on the asymmetry of the stimuli but rather on their similarity to the human hand. We argue that motor simulation might facilitate the processing of incomplete stimuli by mentally completing them, especially if all stimuli can be processed in a consistent manner
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