Dynamic assessment of exposure to air pollution using mobile phone data

Background: Exposure to air pollution can have major health impacts, such as respiratory and cardiovascular diseases. Traditionally, only the air pollution concentration at the home location is taken into account in health impact assessments and epidemiological studies. Neglecting individual travel patterns can lead to a bias in air pollution exposure assessments. Methods: In this work, we present a novel approach to calculate the daily exposure to air pollution using mobile phone data of approximately 5 million mobile phone users living in Belgium. At present, this data is collected and stored by telecom operators mainly for management of the mobile network. Yet it represents a major source of information in the study of human mobility. We calculate the exposure to NO2 using two approaches: assuming people stay at home the entire day (traditional static approach), and incorporating individual travel patterns using their location inferred from their use of the mobile phone network (dynamic approach). Results: The mean exposure to NO2 increases with 1.27 mu g/m(3) (4.3 %) during the week and with 0.12 mu g/m(3) (0.4 %) during the weekend when incorporating individual travel patterns. During the week, mostly people living in municipalities surrounding larger cities experience the highest increase in NO2 exposure when incorporating their travel patterns, probably because most of them work in these larger cities with higher NO2 concentrations. Conclusions: It is relevant for health impact assessments and epidemiological studies to incorporate individual travel patterns in estimating air pollution exposure. Mobile phone data is a promising data source to determine individual travel patterns, because of the advantages (e.g. low costs, large sample size, passive data collection) compared to travel surveys, GPS, and smartphone data (i.e. data captured by applications on smartphones)

Important and Irreversible but Maybe Not Unreviewable : The Dilemma of Protecting Defendants\u27 Rights Through the Collateral Order Doctrine

DR. CHARLES SELL has spent the last five years confined to a federal psychiatric facility awaiting trial for charges of Medicaid fraud and money laundering, a trial he is not competent to undergo at present because he suffers from delusional disorder, persecutory subtype, a rare psychological condition.1 His confinement has exceeded his possible imprisonment under the federal sentencing guidelines. Why does Dr. Sell continue to wait for a trial that may never happen

Teacher, Coach, Cheerleader, and Judge: Promoting Learning through Learner-Centered Assessment

The author explores the importance of learner-centered assessment and feedback in legal research instruction, and encourages legal research teachers to assist their students\u27 quest to acquire practical legal research abilities by transitioning into the roles of coach, cheerleader, and judge

Student-Athletes' Development: An Institutional Responsibility

At most NCAA Division institutions, the academic and social development of the student-athlete has increasingly become the sole responsibility of the athletics department. However, the current athletic reform movement calls for increased integration of the athletics department into the overall university community. The increased emphasis in this area offers university student affairs departments a unique opportunity to become more involved in the personal and academic development of the student-athlete

Een vermaeckelijk uitzicht: Landschap en compositie in het ontwerp van Hollandse Buitenplaatsen

In the seventeenth century a new fashion developed among the welltodo citizens of the Dutch Republic: owning and maintaining a country estate. This term (buitenplaats, literally ‘outside place’, in Dutch) has been defined as a substantial residence with a designed garden, garden ornaments and outbuildings. Country estates were not usually isolated structures in the landscape, but were built in clusters, as we can see from seventeenth and eighteenth century waterboard maps. In the area round Amsterdam they could be found on the banks of the River Amstel and in Watergraafsmeer, somewhat further from the city along waterways such as the Vecht, the Angstel, the Gaasp, the Gein, the Holendrecht and the Trekvaart barge canal, on Herenweg along Wijkermeer and in reclamation areas such as the  ’s Gravenland sand quarry and the Beemster, Zijpe and Purmer polders. Round Haarlem and Leiden we find country estates on the sand ridges and along the inner dunes, beyond The Hague and as far as Naaldwijk; modest country estate landscapes also developed along the Old Rhine near Leiden and along main roads out of Rotterdam, for instance in Kralingen. This widespread fashion was to affect the appearance of Holland’s seventeenth century landscape.In de zeventiende eeuw ontstond onder de bemiddelde burgers van de Republiek een nieuwe mode: het bezit en onderhoud van een buitenplaats. Een buitenplaats wordt gedefinieerd als een compositie van een aanzienlijk woonhuis met ontworpen tuin, tuinsieraden en bijgebouwen.1 Buitenplaatsen lagen meestal niet zelfstandig in het landschap, maar werden in concentraties aangelegd, zoals we op zeventiende en achttiendeeeuwse Hoogheemraadschapskaarten kunnen zien. Rond Amsterdam waren ze te vinden op de Amsteloevers en in de Watergraafsmeer, iets verder van de stad af langs rivieren als de Vecht, Angstel, Gaast, Gein, Holendrecht en de Trekvaart, aan de Herenweg langs het Wijkermeer, alsook in ontginningslandschappen als de zandafgraving van ’s Gravenland en de droogmakerijen Beemster, Zijpe en Purmer. Rond Haarlem en Leiden treffen we buitenplaatsen aan op de strandwallen en langs de binnenduinrand, voorbij Den Haag tot in Naaldwijk, maar ook langs de Rijn bij Leiden en langs uitvalswegen vanuit Rotterdam ontstaan bescheiden buitenplaatslandschappen, zoals in Kralingen. Het gaat om een wijdverbreide mode die zijn invloed had op de verschijningsvorm van het zeventiende eeuwse Hollandse landschap

Continuing Development: A Snapshot of Legal Research and Writing Programs through the Lens of the 2002 LWI and ALWD Survey

This article summarizes the findings of the 2002 survey and highlights significant changes and trends in the operation of legal research and writing programs across the country

Continuing Development: A Snapshot of Legal Research and Writing Programs through the Lens of the 2002 LWI and ALWD Survey

This article summarizes the findings of the 2002 survey and highlights significant changes and trends in the operation of legal research and writing programs across the country

Continuing Development: A Snapshot of Legal Research and Writing Programs through the Lens of the 2002 LWI and ALWD Survey

This article summarizes the findings of the 2002 survey and highlights significant changes and trends in the operation of legal research and writing programs across the country

Important” and “Irreversible” but Maybe Not “Unreviewable”: The Dilemma of Protecting Defendants’ Rights Through the Collateral Order Doctrine

This articles addresses the collateral order doctrine beginning with its inception in Cohen v. Beneficial Industrial Loan Corp., and continuing through an overview of theCourt\u27s civil collateral order jurisprudence illustrating the development of the requirements for attaining appellate review under the doctrine. It examines the role of important rights in the Court\u27s collateral order cases and attempts to determine whether importance is an additional requirement of the collateral order test. The author seeks to define what the Court means by an important right or issue, and to explain the view that some rights are sufficiently important to outweigh costs of piecemeal appeals. The author considers the unreviewability requirement of the collateral order doctrine, specifically what constitutes an unreviewable order under the doctrineand what, if anything, is the distinction between an unreviewable order and an order that leads to irreversible harm. Finally, the author examines the most recent casein which the Court discussed and applied the collateral order doctrine, Sell v. United States, contending that both the majority\u27s markedly broad reading and the dissent\u27s highly restrictive view of both the collateral order doctrine\u27s requirements and its application to pre-trial involuntary medication orders are inconsistent with and further complicate the Court\u27s prior collateral order jurisprudence. Finally, the author proposes a way that the collateral order doctrine could be applied in the involuntary medication setting while upholding the doctrine\u27s narrow application and furthering the policies behind the final judgment rule