The effect of dietary inclusion of mango (Magnifera indica L.) fruit waste on feed intake, growth and feed efficiency of Cobb-500 broiler chickens

Animal response trials aimed at investigating the effect of different levels of mango fruit waste (MFW) on growth performance and carcass characteristics of Cobb-500 broiler chickens were carried out. One-hundred sixty day-old chicks with similar body weight were randomly distributed to four treatment diets each with four replications. The four treatments were T1 (100% maize + 0% MFW), T2 (90% maize + 10 % MFW), T3 (80% maize + 20% MFW) and T4 (70% maize + 30% MFW). The experiment was conducted for 7 weeks, during which feed intake and body weight were measured. At the end of the experimental period, 2 chicks from each replication were randomly selected and slaughtered to evaluate the effect of MFW on carcass yields. The average individual daily feed intake was 65.3, 65.6, 70.8 and 66.9 g for T1, T2, T3 and T4, respectively. At the age of 7 weeks, chicks fed on T1, T2, T3 and T4 diets had individual body weights of 1178, 1165, 1066 and 860 g, respectively. Average daily individual weight gain for the respective T1, T2, T3 and T4, was 21.0, 17.6, 16.0 and 13.7 g. The feed conversion ratio (g feed/g gain) was 3.49, 3.96, 4.50 and 5.23 g for T1, T2, T3 and T4, respectively. The dressing percentage of T1, T2, T3 and T4 was 58.6, 62.1, 65.1 and 65.9, respectively. No significance differences were observed in all carcass traits between chickens fed on control diet and treatment diets. Chickens fed on control diet had significantly higher abdominal fat than those of treatment diets. Higher mortality rate was noted in T1 (10%) followed by T2 (2.5%). No mortalities were observed in those chickens fed on T3 and T4 diets. Mango fruit waste can be incorporated up to 20% of the diets of grower broiler chickens without affecting nutrient intake and growth.Keywords: Mango Fruit Waste; Maize; Cobb-500 Broiler Chickens; Growth Performance; Carcass Trait

Validation of the basic need satisfaction for sport scale in Ethiopian athletes

By anchoring on the self-determination theory in an Ethiopian context, this study tried to establish the basic need satisfaction sport scales (BNSSS) reliability and validity. Despite the scale's usefulness in measuring athletes' psychological need fulfillment during a sporting event, no study has proven the scale's validity in a setting of Ethiopian sports. To validate the BNSSS scale, confirmatory factor analysis was used in the study. The 20 items of the BNSSS questionnaire's English translation are divided into five categories: relatedness, competence, autonomy-perceived locus of internal causality, autonomy-choice, and volition. Senior language experts translated the BNSSS questionnaire into Amharic. The Amharic version of the instrument was used to gather data from 321 athletes, 174 men, and 147 women, with a mean age of 23.34 22.59 and a standard deviation of 5.08 and mean age 5.32; a standard deviation of 2.33 year of experience in their sports from four baseball games. With a Cronbach's alpha value ranging from 0.848 to 0.882 (IPLOC to Volition respectively) across the five subscales and, the results confirm the reliability of the BNSSS for evaluating satisfaction with basic needs and motivation among Ethiopian athletes.” The result demonstrated an acceptable fit with the data (CFI, = 0.958, GFI, = 0.933, RMR, = 0.76, RMSEA, = 0.39) as well as internal consistency. All of the components' Cronbach's alpha values met expectations. The instrument's Amharic translation was thus valid and reliable for determining the extent to which Ethiopian athletes' basic needs were met

A Study on Using Glass Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Composites for Shear and Flexural Enhancement of Reinforced Concrete Beams

In the concrete construction sector, issues such as tensile strength of structural elements, brittle mode of failure, rapid crack propagation, and increased overload are common. The experimental evaluation of the flexural strengths of glass fiber-reinforced polymers with various percent of glass fiber content is the focus of this study. Fiber-reinforced polymer is the focus of numerous studies right now all over the world. Experimental investigations done on the behavior of the concrete strengthened using discontinuous chopped glass fiber were carried out with C-25 concrete mix and 50 mm of glass fiber at various percentages (0.25%, 0.50%, 0.75%) of addition by the total weight of concrete. Experimental data on load for flexural tests have been carried out. Strength variations and failure modes of each specimen have been obtained. According to ASTM standards, at 7, 21, and 28 days after casting, all beams, such as control and fiber-reinforced concrete beams, are tested by third point loading. The results of the flexural test indicated that the presence of glass fiber tends to increase the flexural strength of concrete at higher fiber content, and the bending test results indicated that the modulus of rupture of concrete in set I increases by 2.5% at 0.25% glass fiber, 11.3% at 0.50% glass fiber, 13.2% at 0.75% glass fiber at the end of 7 days, 1.19% at 0.25% glass fiber, 2.38% at 0.50% glass fiber and 9.94% at 0.75% glass fiber at the end of 21 days, 0.54% at 0.25% glass fiber, 1.89 at 0.50% glass fiber, and 2.45% at 0.75% glass fiber at the end of 28 days. Thus, ductility improves after concrete cracking, with 2.19% at 0.25% glass fiber, 10.19% at 0.50% glass fiber, and 13.60% at 0.75% glass fiber at the end of 28 days. As a result, the flexural strength of the content improves as well.</jats:p

Finite Element Analysis of a Reinforced Concrete Dapped-End Beam under the Effects of Impact Velocity and Dapped-End Beam Cross-Section Geometry

This study focuses on the behavior of a three-dimensional reinforced concrete dapped-end beam subjected to the effects of impact velocity and dapped-end beam cross-section geometry by numerical simulation using ABAQUS (V6.14) software under a constant impact load. The finite element software ABAQUS is utilized to simulate and analyze the drop impact to obtain accurate and detailed results. A sudden drop impact is a short-duration dynamic load that could involve very large deformations and damage to the reinforced concrete dapped-end beam. The finite element analysis has been completed by creating the geometry, material properties, boundary conditions, and loading conditions. In this study, a total of seven analyzes were conducted with different parameters, i.e., the effect of the velocity of the impact load and the geometry of the dapped-end beam cross-section. From the finite element analysis results, it can be concluded that as the impact velocity increases, the impact force and mid-span displacement of the reinforced concrete dapped-end beam also increases. The higher the impact velocity, the greater the amount of damage caused throughout the RC beam. When the recess length increases from 200 mm to 500 mm, the deflection increases by 13%. The depth of the nib has a great influence on the impact response and deflection of the reinforced concrete dapped end beam. The ABAQUS output shows that increasing the dapped end beam nib depth from 260 mm to 450 mm reduces the impact load by 50%, from 22733.6 N to 13640.16 N. On the other hand, the nib depth increased from 260 mm to 450 mm, and the maximum deflection was reduced from 1.10245 mm to 0.6892 mm, i.e., a 46.1% reduction

A Study on Using Glass Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Composites for Shear and Flexural Enhancement of Reinforced Concrete Beams

In the concrete construction sector, issues such as tensile strength of structural elements, brittle mode of failure, rapid crack propagation, and increased overload are common. The experimental evaluation of the flexural strengths of glass fiber-reinforced polymers with various percent of glass fiber content is the focus of this study. Fiber-reinforced polymer is the focus of numerous studies right now all over the world. Experimental investigations done on the behavior of the concrete strengthened using discontinuous chopped glass fiber were carried out with C-25 concrete mix and 50 mm of glass fiber at various percentages (0.25%, 0.50%, 0.75%) of addition by the total weight of concrete. Experimental data on load for flexural tests have been carried out. Strength variations and failure modes of each specimen have been obtained. According to ASTM standards, at 7, 21, and 28 days after casting, all beams, such as control and fiber-reinforced concrete beams, are tested by third point loading. The results of the flexural test indicated that the presence of glass fiber tends to increase the flexural strength of concrete at higher fiber content, and the bending test results indicated that the modulus of rupture of concrete in set I increases by 2.5% at 0.25% glass fiber, 11.3% at 0.50% glass fiber, 13.2% at 0.75% glass fiber at the end of 7 days, 1.19% at 0.25% glass fiber, 2.38% at 0.50% glass fiber and 9.94% at 0.75% glass fiber at the end of 21 days, 0.54% at 0.25% glass fiber, 1.89 at 0.50% glass fiber, and 2.45% at 0.75% glass fiber at the end of 28 days. Thus, ductility improves after concrete cracking, with 2.19% at 0.25% glass fiber, 10.19% at 0.50% glass fiber, and 13.60% at 0.75% glass fiber at the end of 28 days. As a result, the flexural strength of the content improves as well

Study on Mechanical Behavior of Fully Encased Composite Slender Columns with High-Strength Concrete Using FEM Simulation

The most common types of composite columns used in high-rise structures are concrete-filled steel tubes (CFSTs) and concrete-encased steel (CES) that are either entirely or partially encased in concrete. The attempt of this study is to develop a suitable constitutive model addressing the behavior of fully encased composite slender columns with high-strength concrete subjected to axial loading. The nonlinear finite element (FE) package ABAQUS version 6.14-2 is used to study the response of fully encased composite (FEC) slender columns. The finite element analysis (FEA) results are validated with experimental data extracted from previous experiments. Then, the parametric study is conducted on rectangular FEC columns with different shapes of encased steel encasements to investigate the axial load-carrying capacities, axial deformation, ductility, load-deformation behavior, and confinement of FEC columns. The governing parameters for the current study are the high strength of concrete (90 MPa, 100 MPa, and 120 MPa), shapes of encased steel sections (circular, I-shaped, and rectangular steel encasements), and spacing of tie bars (50 mm, 100 mm and 150 mm). 6–21% of load increment is observed by changing the concrete compressive strength. A comparison is also made between the results of reinforced concrete and FEC slender columns and 2–11% of load increment is recorded by changing the shape of structural steel and keeping other parameters constant. The results of calibrated finite element models revealed that closely spaced tie bars resulted in a good ductility of FEC column with high-strength concrete (HSC). Significant enhancements in the axial load capacity are observed in the case of FEC slender columns than in RC slender columns of the same size and shape. Ductility and residual strength after the failure of FEC columns are also observed to increase significantly with the adoption of tubular structural steel sections. However, increasing the concrete strength results in the reduction of this ductility.</jats:p

Study on Mechanical Behavior of Fully Encased Composite Slender Columns with High-Strength Concrete Using FEM Simulation

The most common types of composite columns used in high-rise structures are concrete-filled steel tubes (CFSTs) and concrete-encased steel (CES) that are either entirely or partially encased in concrete. The attempt of this study is to develop a suitable constitutive model addressing the behavior of fully encased composite slender columns with high-strength concrete subjected to axial loading. The nonlinear finite element (FE) package ABAQUS version 6.14-2 is used to study the response of fully encased composite (FEC) slender columns. The finite element analysis (FEA) results are validated with experimental data extracted from previous experiments. Then, the parametric study is conducted on rectangular FEC columns with different shapes of encased steel encasements to investigate the axial load-carrying capacities, axial deformation, ductility, load-deformation behavior, and confinement of FEC columns. The governing parameters for the current study are the high strength of concrete (90 MPa, 100 MPa, and 120 MPa), shapes of encased steel sections (circular, I-shaped, and rectangular steel encasements), and spacing of tie bars (50 mm, 100 mm and 150 mm). 6–21% of load increment is observed by changing the concrete compressive strength. A comparison is also made between the results of reinforced concrete and FEC slender columns and 2–11% of load increment is recorded by changing the shape of structural steel and keeping other parameters constant. The results of calibrated finite element models revealed that closely spaced tie bars resulted in a good ductility of FEC column with high-strength concrete (HSC). Significant enhancements in the axial load capacity are observed in the case of FEC slender columns than in RC slender columns of the same size and shape. Ductility and residual strength after the failure of FEC columns are also observed to increase significantly with the adoption of tubular structural steel sections. However, increasing the concrete strength results in the reduction of this ductility