Rapid Population Growth as Foremost Cause of Land Degradation in Ethiopia: A Review

Ethiopia is the second most populous country in Sub-Saharan Africa countries. The rapid population growth in country leads to land degradation; it includes soil degradation, vegetation degradation and water degradation, and natural resources degradation as whole. Diverse scholars indicated, decreasing tendency of forest cover in Ethiopia over time with the population increment. In Ethiopia, the high population growth leads to soil erosion and soil fertility loss; it accelerates soil erosion due to foot path, overgrazing and others, which is meanly estimated 12 tons/ ha/ yr. and, People are using animal dung and crop residue for household fuel rather than being added to the soil to improve soil fertility, which leads to soil quality declination. And, the population pressure leads the water courses to dry up, reduced the volumes of surface water, depletion of aquifers and pollution. If this rapid population growth of Ethiopia continues like the current situation, the land degradation problem is likely to be even more challengeable in the future. Therefore, this paper aims to explore rapid population growth as foremost cause land degradation in Ethiopia by taking typical evidence from different parts of the country and to suggest solutions. Keywords: Rapid Population Growth, Foremost Cause, Land Degradation, Ethiopia DOI: 10.7176/JEES/10-9-01 Publication date:September 30th 202

Review on Live animal and Meat Marketing and Production in Ethiopia

This paper reviews research works done on livestock and meat marketing opportunities and challenges in Ethiopia. Moreover, this paper has tried to assess secondary data collected from Ethiopian custom and revenue authority (ECRA) and central statistical agency (CSA) in order to analyze the export and to get a more insight on the livestock production system by smallholders. Live animal and meat export to Middle East and neighboring countries is increasing. The increasing number of live animal and meat exporter, geographic proximity to the Middle East countries, economic growth, government interest and support to the sub sector gives the country comparative advantages in livestock and livestock product trading. However, traditional production system, poor market infrastructure, lack of market information and extension service, trans-boundary disease outbreaks, long and complicated market chain, and illegal cross border trade are affecting the sub-sector performance to the economy and livelihood improvement. Keywords: Live animal, Meat, Marketing, Export, Production DOI: 10.7176/JMCR/77-02 Publication date:March 31st 202

ReviewReviewing the values of a stabdard operating procedure

This article addresses the values of a standard operating procedure based on review of articles. It describes the application and importance of a standard operating procedure from different perspectives while emphasizing its critical relevance to medical practice and pharmaceutical service. The review further discusses shortcomings related to nonexistence of standard operating procedure including inconsistent quality of service; performance variation; procedural mix-ups; and misinterpretation or miscommunication of information. In conclusion, standard operating procedure, if realized and materialized as a component of an effective management system, helps cultivate transparent functions; implement error prevention measures and facilitate corrective actions and transfer knowledge and skill.Keywords: Information, performance variation, quality of service, standard operating procedure valuesEthiopian Journal of Health Sciences vol 22 (3) 201

Impact of Small Scale Irrigation Development on Farmers’ Livelihood Improvement in Ethiopia: A Review

This review aims to illustrate the impact of small scale irrigations on farmers’ livelihood improvement in Ethiopia. It discusses the Ethiopian small scale irrigation development, categories and it impact on farmers’ livelihood improvement. The Ethiopian government has made a huge investment to develop small-scale irrigation schemes, and plans to enhance the recent level of irrigation infrastructure three fold by the end of 2020 to solve the household food insecurity problem of smallholder.Small scale irrigation is prioritized as one of the best alternatives for sustainable livelihood improvement, transformation growth and rural poverty alleviation in the country .It has multi-dimensional impacts on the living development of the rural people. It benefits smallholders in the course of crop diversification and intensification, employment opportunities, livestock production, credit services and increasing household incomes. Therefore, this review is important for understanding what was done in the past and what is going on now in improving farmers’ livelihood through small scale irrigation development in Ethiopia. Keywords: Small scale irrigation, Livelihood improvement, Ethiopia DOI: 10.7176/JRDM/62-02 Publication date: January 31st 202

Características geológicas e geoquímicas preliminares da rocha hospedeira do mineral safira da área de Chilla, centro de Tigrai, norte da Etiópia

Embora a Etiópia seja dotada de um cenário geológico adequado para abrigar variedades de pedras preciosas, ainda não foi bem investigada e explorada. No norte da Etiópia, estado regional de Tigrai, o mineral safira foi extraído por garimpeiros tradicionais e artesanais. Chilla, que fica a 35 km ao norte de Axum, é uma das atividades de mineração artesanal de safira praticada. Na Etiópia, particularmente na área de Chilla, não há nenhum estudo geológico e geoquímico sobre o mineral safirae suas rochas hospedeiras. Na área de Chilla, a maioria das safiras é encontrada em depósitos aluviais ou eluviais, tornando difícil estudar a relação entre as safiras e suas rochas hospedeiras. Aqui, apresentamos características geológicas preliminares do mineral safira dentro de basaltos alcalinos do terreno vulcânico terciário de Chilla. A investigação geológica e a análise geoquímica (XRF) indicam que o mineral safira está hospedado com basaltos alcalinos terciários e ocorreu no contato entre basalto alcalino e rochas graníticas intrusivas.Even though, Ethiopia is endowed with suitable geological setting to host varieties of gemstones, it has not yet been well investigated and explored. In Northern Ethiopia, Tigrai regional state, sapphire mineral has been extracted by traditional and artisanal miners. Chilla, which is 35 km north of Axum, is one of the sapphire’s arti-sanal mining activities has been practiced. In Ethiopia, particularly in Chilla area there is no any geological and geochemical study on Sapphire mineral and its host rocks. In Chilla area, most of sapphires are found in alluvial or eluvial deposits, making it grim to study the relationship between the sapphires and their host  rocks. Here, we present preliminary geological characteristics of sapphire mineral within alkaline basalts from the tertiary Chilla volcanic terrain. Geological investigation and geochemical analysis (XRF) indicates; the sapphire mineral is hosted in tertiary alkaline basalts and occur in the contact between alkaline basalt and intrusive granite rocks

Using yield-SAFE model to assess climate change impact on yield of coffee (Coffea arabica) under agroforestry and monoculture systems

Mestrado Mediterranean Forestry and Natural Resources Management (MEDFOR) - Instituto Superior de Agronomia - ULEthiopia economy strongly depends on coffee (Coffea arabica L.) production. Coffee, like many other agricultural crops, is sensitive to climate change. Future changes in climate will have a negative impact on coffee yield and quality. Studies have called for an urgent development of coffee’s adaptation strategies against climate change and agroforestry systems have received attention as an adaptation and mitigation strategy for coffee production under future climate. This study contributes to the assessment of coffee production in 1) monoculture and in 2) agroforestry systems, under different climate scenarios, in four different regions, providing insights for preliminary recommendations for coffee growers and policy makers. The Yield-SAFE processbased model was used to predict yield of coffee in monoculture and under agroforestry systems for forty years of current and future climate (Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) 4.5 and 8.5 - HadCM2 model). In monoculture system, coffee yield was estimated to decrease between 4-38 % and 16-58 % in RCP 4.5 and 8.5, respectively from its current yield of 1000-1600 kg ha-1 yr-1. However, in agroforestry system the decrease was between 4-13 % and 13-25 % in RCP 4.5 and 8.5, respectively from its current yield of 1200-2200 kg ha-1 yr-1, showing that agroforestry systems have a higher resilience when facing future climate change.N/

Assessing The Viability of Sawdust as A Sustainable Partial Sand Replacement in Concrete Mix Design

As the demand for sustainable construction materials grows, this study investigates sawdust as a viable partial sand replacement in concrete mix designs, addressing significant environmental and economic concerns. This study fills a critical gap in sustainable material use for construction by assessing the mechanical and cost effects of sawdust incorporation. Six concrete mixes were prepared with varying ratios of natural sand and sawdust (0–25%) in a C-25 grade mix, maintaining a 0.49 water-cement ratio. Experimental findings indicate that a 10% sawdust substitution maintains a compressive strength comparable to that of standard concrete, achieving C-25 grade, while a 15% replacement optimizes workability. Additionally, the treated sawdust reduced water absorption by 31.8%, promoting enhanced internal curing and long-term durability. A cost comparison of river sand from Hiwane, Aby-Adi, and Wukro revealed a reduction of 750 ETB/m³ with sawdust inclusion, making it a financially advantageous alternative, especially in regions with limited or costly natural sand supplies. These results emphasize the potential of sawdust as an eco-friendly, cost-effective material, advancing circular economy practices, and supporting sustainable and resource-efficient construction. Keywords: aggregate, compressive strength, concrete, raw sawdust, workability DOI: 10.7176/CER/17-1-03 Publication date: January 31st 2025

The Impact of Human Capital Development on Economic Growth in Ethiopia: Evidence from ARDL Approach to Co-Integration

The main objective of the study is to analyze the impact of human capital on economic growth in Ethiopia. The methodology used in this research is ARDL Approach to Co-integration. The finding of this research shows that there is a stable long run relationship between real GDP per capita, education human capital, health human capital, labor force, gross capital formation, government expenditure and official development assistance. The estimated long run model indicates that human capital in the form of health have big positive impact on real GDP per capita rise followed by education human capital. Such findings are consistent with the endogenous growth theories. In the short run, the coefficient of the error correction term is -0.7366 suggesting about 73.66 percent annual adjustment towards long run equilibrium. The findings of this paper imply that an economic performance can be improved significantly when the ratio of public expenditure on health to GDP increases and when secondary school enrolments get better. Keywords:  Economic Growth, Human capital, Education, Health, ARDL method of Co-integration